Routine delayed shunting associated with standardisation of the technique seems to be a safe and effective technique and contributes to maintaining the RNCR < 1% over time and independently from operators and other clinical factors.
The renal artery aneurysms (RAAs) represent 3% of all visceral aneurysms. Their incidence rate is about 0.1% in the general population [1], even if angiographic findings report a little higher incidence (0.3-2.5%) [2] with a modest prevalence in female patients. RAAS are mainly detected in the sixthseventh decade, and female patients are associated with an earlier incidence [3]. True RAAs are extra-parenchymal in 90% of cases, while intraparenchymal RAAs represent 10% of cases, and they are often multiple and congenital. RAAs can be saccular in 75% of cases or fusiform. Saccular RAAs usually affect the main renal artery bifurcation, while fusiform aneurysms often involve the main arterial trunk [4]. RAAs can be bilateral (10-20%) or associated with a multiple location. High calcifications are detected in 18-68% of cases [1]. HRAAs represent a rare subgroup of RAAs, located in the distal part of the renal artery, very close to the renal hilum even though they are considered extra-parenchymal (Fig. 12.1). In addition to "true aneurysms," the main renal arteries and their collaterals can be affected by:
OBJECTIVE
To assess the approaches to reno-visceral target vessels (TV) cannulation during complex endovascular aortic repair (B/FEVAR), determine the evidence base that links these approaches to clinical outcomes, and identify literature gaps.
METHODS
A scoping review following the PRISMA Protocols Extension for Scoping Reviews was performed. Available full-text studies published in English (PubMed, Cochrane and EMBASE databases; last queried, 31 June 2022) were systematically reviewed and analyzed. Data were reported as descriptive narrative or tables, without any statistical analysis nor quality assessment.
RESULTS
Fourteen retrospective articles were included. Seven articles studied the use of upper extremity access (UEA) during B/FEVAR, three the use of steerable sheaths, and four included both approaches. A left UEA was used in 757 patients (technical success: 99%, stroke rate: 1–3%) and a right UEA in 215 patients (technical success: 92–98%, stroke rate: 0–13%). Seven studies (1066 patients) described a surgical access only (technical success: 80–99%, stroke rate: 0–13%), while three studies (146 patients) described a percutaneous access only (technical success: 83–90%, stroke rate: 3%), and lastly four studies compared UEA versus use of steerable sheaths from the transfemoral approach (TFA) (UEA: 563 patients, technical success: 95–98%, stroke rate: 1–8%; TFA: 209 patients, technical success: 98–100%, stroke rate: 0–1%).
CONCLUSIONS
Both UEA and TFA as cannulation approaches were associated with high technical success and low peri-operative complications. Currently, there is a paucity of high-quality data to provide definitive indication. Optimal UEA in terms of side (left vs right) and approach (surgical vs percutaneous) needs further study.
The advent and refinement of complex endovascular techniques in the last two decades has revolutionized the field of vascular surgery. This has allowed an effective minimally invasive treatment of extensive disease involving the pararenal and the thoracoabdominal aorta. Fenestrated-branched EVAR (F/BEVAR) now represents a feasible technical solution to address these complex diseases, moving the proximal sealing zone above the renal-visceral vessels take-off and preserving their patency. The aim of this paper was to provide a narrative review on the peri-operative management of patients undergoing F/BEVAR procedures for juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (JAAA), pararenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (PRAA) or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurism (TAAA). It will focus on how to prevent, diagnose, and manage the complications ensuing from these complex interventions, in order to improve clinical outcomes. Indeed, F/BEVAR remains a technically, physiologically, and mentally demanding procedure. Intraoperative adverse events often require prolonged or additional procedures and complications may significantly impact a patient’s quality of life, health status, and overall cost of care. The presence of standardized preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative pathways of care, together with surgeons and teams with significant experience in aortic surgery, should be considered as crucial points to improve clinical outcomes. Aggressive prevention, prompt diagnosis and timely rescue of any major adverse events following the procedure remain paramount clinical needs.
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