The model plants Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) have provided a wealth of information about genes and genetic pathways controlling the flowering process, but little is known about the corresponding pathways in legumes. The garden pea (Pisum sativum) has been used for several decades as a model system for physiological genetics of flowering, but the lack of molecular information about pea flowering genes has prevented direct comparison with other systems. To address this problem, we have searched expressed sequence tag and genome sequence databases to identify flowering-gene-related sequences from Medicago truncatula, soybean (Glycine max), and Lotus japonicus, and isolated corresponding sequences from pea by degenerate-primer polymerase chain reaction and library screening. We found that the majority of Arabidopsis flowering genes are represented in pea and in legume sequence databases, although several gene families, including the MADS-box, CONSTANS, and FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER1 families, appear to have undergone differential expansion, and several important Arabidopsis genes, including FRIGIDA and members of the FLOWERING LOCUS C clade, are conspicuously absent. In several cases, pea and Medicago orthologs are shown to map to conserved map positions, emphasizing the closely syntenic relationship between these two species. These results demonstrate the potential benefit of parallel model systems for an understanding of flowering phenology in crop and model legume species.The change from vegetative to reproductive growth is a critical developmental transition in the life of a plant, and the induction, expression, and maintenance of the flowering state are regulated by many external and endogenous factors. A vast number of applied and fundamental studies have demonstrated the importance of light (through daylength and light-quality effects) and temperature (through vernalization and ambient temperature effects) as the main environmental regulators of flowering. However, other factors, including nutrient status, endogenous hormones, stress, and the developmental state of the plant, can also be important. Even with respect to light and temperature, great diversity in responsiveness exists within and between different plant species. These differences are important in the adaptation of species to particular latitudinal and climatic regions, and have also been extremely important for determining the environments and agronomic regimes under which crop species can be most effectively grown.The flowering process has been subject to detailed genetic analysis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). As a small, weedy annual, Arabidopsis is responsive to a wide range of factors and has been invaluable in outlining the major genetic pathways that are likely to function in the control of flowering responses to photoperiod, vernalization, and hormone responses (Amasino, 2004;Boss et al., 2004;Putterill et al., 2004). It is likely that many of the genetic mechanisms discovered in Arabidopsis ...

This paper aims at providing reliable and cost effective genotyping conditions, level of polymorphism in a range of genotypes and map position of newly developed microsatellite markers in order to promote broad application of these markers as a common set for genetic studies in pea. Optimal PCR conditions were determined for 340 microsatellite markers based on amplification in eight genotypes. Levels of polymorphism were determined for 309 of these markers. Compared to data obtained for other species, levels of polymorphism detected in a panel of eight genotypes were high with a mean number of 3.8 alleles per polymorphic locus and an average PIC value of 0.62, indicating that pea represents a rather polymorphic autogamous species. One of our main objectives was to locate a maximum number of microsatellite markers on the pea genetic map. Data obtained from three different crosses were used to build a composite genetic map of 1,430 cM (Haldane) comprising 239 microsatellite markers. These include 216 anonymous SSRs developed from enriched genomic libraries and 13 SSRs located in genes. The markers are quite evenly distributed throughout the seven linkage groups of the map, with 85% of intervals between the adjacent SSR markers being smaller than 10 cM. There was a good conservation of marker order and linkage group assignment across the three populations. In conclusion, we hope this report will promote wide application of these markers and will allow information obtained by different laboratories worldwide in diverse fields of pea genetics, such as QTL mapping studies and genetic resource surveys, to be easily aligned.

Genes in the TERMINAL FLOWER1 ( TFL1 ) /CENTRORADIALIS family are important key regulatory genes involved in the control of flowering time and floral architecture in several different plant species. To understand the functions of TFL1 homologs in pea, we isolated three TFL1 homologs, which we have designated PsTFL1a , PsTFL1b , and PsTFL1c . By genetic mapping and sequencing of mutant alleles, we demonstrate that PsTFL1a corresponds to the DETERMINATE (