Background/Aims: A correlation has been observed between DNA ploidy and other prognostic parameters such as tumor stage and grade. The present study evaluates tumor aneuploidization during renal adenocarcinoma expansion and growth. Methods: A total of 252 renal tumors were analyzed between 1969 and 2001. Evaluated variables were age, TNM, Fuhrman classification, histology, size and DNA. A tumor was homogeneous when all the samples were diploid or aneuploid, and a heterogeneous tumor was the coexistence of aneuploid and diploid samples, or all-aneuploid with different aneuploid clones. Results: A total of 224 tumors were included (coefficient of variation <8). The DNA study classified 129 (57.6%) as diploid and 95 (42.4%) as aneuploid. The percentage of aneuploid tumors increased significantly with the pathological stage. Both aneuploid patterns were also significantly more frequent in advanced pathological stages. Tumors with multiple aneuploid clones (n = 17) were significantly more frequent in tumors measuring `4 cm. Both aneuploid patterns showed no differences in survival (p = 0.83), indicating that the heterogeneous pattern probably represents an intermediate step between diploid and homogeneous aneuploid tumor status. Conclusions: The aneuploid pattern is more common in more advanced stages of the disease, with no clear correlation to primary tumor size. This suggests gradual aneuploidization with tumor expansion and growth.
The vesicouterine fistula, despite being infrequent, is no longer an exceptional diagnosis. Currently, the low segmentarian caesareans constitute the major isolated risk factor for fistula development. We recommend a deferred surgical repair without discarding a conservative approach for those cases of small and early fistula.
RESUMENCOMPLICACIONES DE LA URETERO-RENOSCOPIA INTRODUCCIÓN: Desde que en 1980 se introdujera la ureteroscopia (URS) en la práctica urológica los grandes avances tecnológicos han permitido que esta técnica se convierta en un instrumento bastante seguro y eficaz para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la patología del tracto urinario superior. Sin embargo es una técnica invasiva y por lo tanto no está exenta de riesgos, pudiendo ocasionar en algunas ocasiones complicaciones graves.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS:Entre enero de 1990 y diciembre de 2001 hemos realizado 4.645 URS, 2.972 (64%) en mujeres y 1.673 (36%) en hombres, con edades comprendidas entre 9 y 82 años (media 49,8). Del total 2.508 (53,9%) se hicieron con sedación y 2.137 (46,1%) con anestesia (general o raquídea). Los objetivos de las URS han sido tanto diagnósticos (hematurias de origen desconocido) como terapéuticos (cálculos ureterales, tumores del tracto urinario superior, estenosis ureterales y colocaciones de catéteres ureterales).RESULTADOS: La complicación más frecuente ha sido la fiebre (11,7%), evolucionando a sepsis en 15 pacientes. El resto de complicaciones fueron: perforación ureteral (1,2%), avulsión ureteral (0,06%), rotura renal (0,04%), extrusión litiásica (0,4%) y fístula uretero-ilíaca (0,02%). La mayoría se resolvieron con tratamiento conservador y en muchos casos endoscópico.CONCLUSIONES: La URS ha supuesto un gran avance en la urología, tanto con fines diagnósticos como terapéuticos. Cuidadosamente realizada y bien indicada es una técnica segura, eficaz y con escasa morbilidad, siendo practicada en muchos casos sin necesidad de anestesia. En la mayoría de las ocasiones las complicaciones se pueden resolver de manera conservadora y muchas endoscópicamente.
Carefully performed ureteroscopy is a superb tool for the urologist either for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes with a low ratio of complications. The majority of these complications can be solved with conservative management.
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