BACKGROUND: The widespread use of palm oil in food production affects high consumption of long-chain saturated fatty acids, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Solid or semi-solid wax-based oleogels obtained as a result of edible oils structuring can be an alternative.RESULTS: Oleogels, obtained by structuring a mixture of refined rapeseed and linseed oils (1:1) with 30-80 g kg −1 candelilla wax (CW), were investigated using optical techniques: multi-speckle diffusing wave spectroscopy, centrifugal stability analysis, reflection method, and polarized light microscopy. Refined palm oil was a comparative sample. Increasing CW concentration resulted in an increase in values of L * parameter and opacity, a decrease in the Yellowness Index and a slight increase in the average crystal size. The microstructure of oleogels with 30 or 40 g kg −1 CW was least like the crystal network. Solidification of oleogels took place in two stages. Increase in CW concentration shortened solidification time and increased solidification temperature (greater elasticity of oleogels). Palm oil solidified the longest (497.1 min) and at the lowest temperature (29.3 °C). It showed lower resistance to centrifugal force than oleogels at 20 and 30 °C. All oleogels were stable (no oil release occurred) at 20 °C.CONCLUSION: Optical methods allow for an objective and detailed analysis of physical properties of palm oil and oleogels, as well as identification and tracking changes at the microstructural level over time. It has great potential in the edible lipid quality control at various stages of processing or storage.
IntroductionSolid and semi-solid fats are widely used by the food industry. The high utility value of these fats mainly is a consequence of the high content of saturated fatty acids SFAs . Moreover, despite the advances in fat processing/ modification technology, foods still contain trans fatty acids TFAs , mainly due to hardening by partial hydrogenation 1, 2 . In general, the SFAs contribute to increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, and the dietary guidelines recommend limited consumption of products with high SFAs content, regardless of origin. The total intake of SFAs should be less than 10 of total energy per day 3,4 . SFAs ought should be replaced in a diet with unsaturated fatty acids 5 . Palm oil, which is widespread in the food industry, is a natural plant-based alternative to milk fat. Such replacement is not the solution to the SFAs problem, although it brings economic and technological benefits. In recent years, the cultivation of oil palm trees has caused
The influence of the amount of inulin addition (3%, 6%, 9%, 12% or 15% w/w) on the physicochemical properties of natural yogurt was analyzed. The acidity (titration; pH), texture parameters (penetration test), viscosity curves (rotational rheometer), microrheology (macroscopic viscosity index, MVI; elasticity index, EI; solid-liquid balance—SLB; multi-speckle diffusing-wave spectroscopy, MS-DWS) and physical stability (syneresis; LUMiSizer test) of yogurts were investigated. All samples were non-Newtonian pseudoplastic liquids. The sample with 15% inulin content presented an approx. 4% higher pH value (4.34), 3-fold greater MVI and almost 5-fold higher penetration force, compared to the control sample (0% of inulin). In turn, the use of inulin addition in the range of 3–15% w/w resulted in a reduction of syneresis (p < 0.05). A linear decrease in the values of instability indexes and sedimentation velocities was noted in the function of inulin content increase (LUMiSizer test). The application of inulin (in the range of 3–15% w/w) as a functional additive to yogurts significantly contributed to enhancement of their physical stability. Summing up, the possibility of obtaining natural yogurts with a high content of this prebiotic has been demonstrated, thus such products can be classified as functional foods and a health claim can be put on the label.
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