Rice (Oryza sativa Linn) is one of the basic diets in the north of Iran. The aim of present study was to detect total aflatoxin (AFT) in domestic and imported rice in Amol (in the north of Iran) and to evaluate the effect of different cooking methods on the levels of the toxin. For this purpose, 42 rice samples were collected from retail stores. The raw samples were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique for toxin assessment and then submitted to two different cooking methods including traditional local method and in rice cooker. After treatment, AFT was determined. Results show that the average concentration of AFT in domestic and imported samples was 1.08 ± 0.02 and 1.89 ± 0.87 ppb, respectively, which is lower than national and European Union standards. The highest AFT reduction (24.8%) was observed when rice samples were cooked by rice cooker but the difference with local method was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).
Various 4 -acetyl sydnones (2) can be prepared by reaction of the corresponding 3-aryl sydnones (1) with acetic anhydride at ~110 o C promoted by N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) as an effective reagent for acylation of sydnones under neutral conditions in satisfactory yields. Sydnones (1) are archetypal members of the class of compounds known as mesoionic which were first prepared by Earl and his co-workers in 1935. 1They undergo a variety of transformations including electrophilic aromatic substitution (at the 4-position), 2 cleavage with HCl to form hydrazines, 3 or heterocycles 4 and 1,3 -dipolar cycloadditions to form pyrazoles or related species. 5 Perhaps the biological activity: inter alia sydnone; have been used efficaciously as antibacterial, 6 antitumor, 7 antimalarial, 8 anti-inflammatory, 9 and antihyhypertensive agents. 10 Their activity as MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors has also been reported. 11 Acylation occurs, with various acylation mixtures and with a large variety of 3-aryl substituents, exclusively at the sydnone 4-position. 12-16 It had been reported 17 that it was not possible to acetyl-3-arylsydnone with either acetic anhydride or benzoyl chloride in the presence of a lewis acid catalyst and Friedel-Craftes conditions to obtain the 4-acetylsydnone because the difficulties stem from the fact that using the standard Friedel-Craftes conditions (acid chloride/aluminum chloride) the sydnones do not react, presumably due to coordination of the lewis acid with the exocyclic oxygen atom in the sydnone. 18 Successful acylation has relied on the use of alkyl anhydrides and acids such as perchloric, 19 phosphoric 20 or boron trifluoride or alkyl carboxylicacids and phosphorus pentoxide. 21 More recently, Montmorillonite K-10 22 and HClO 4 under high powered ultrasonic bath 23 have been reported as efficient catalysts for acylation of 3-substituted sydnones in the presence acetic anhydride.
In this study, raw cow milk samples were collected from milk churns at 40 traditional and semi-industrial cattle farms located in Babol (Northern Iran) in winter 2006. In total, 120 raw milk samples were tested for Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination by competitive ELISA. In 68 out of 120 samples (56.7%) the presence of AFM1 was detected by concentration ranging from 50 to 352.3 ng L(-1). Fifty two samples (43.3%) contained AFM1 at levels of 4-50 ng L(-1) (The AFM1 contamination levels were between 4-352.3 ng L(-1) by the average of 102.73 ng L(-1)). In general, 56.7% of samples were beyond the limit of European community regulations (50 ng L(-1)). In other words, the AFM1 contamination levels in raw milk were more than twice over standard levels. The AFM1 contamination levels, (> 50 ng L(-1)), in January, February and March were 40, 65 and 65%, respectively. Estimation of contamination of AFB1 using AFM1 in feed stuff showed that it was about 0.25 to 22 microg kg(-1) holding the average of 46.7%, being higher than European community limit (5 microg kg(-1)).
Fumonisins are the mycotoxin that is produced by Fusarium species which are found in cereals and cereal-based foods products. This toxin causes esophageal cancer in humans, leucoencephalomalasia in horses and pulmonary edema in swine, other hosts include cattle, chicken and other pets. In this study, 42 samples of wheat flour at bakeries and confectioneries were collected in Qaemshahr during spring in 2011. Data were analyzed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for total fumonisin. Out of 21 wheat bakery samples, 2 (9.5%) (Mean: 0.30) were contaminated with total fumonisin. Among 21 samples of wheat flour at confectioneries, 1 (4.8%) (Mean: 0.29) was contaminated with total fumonisin. There was a significant relationship between total fumonisin contamination level and the type of wheat flour, and the months applying statistical test.
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