Although air abrasion and silica coating were the most effective surface treatment methods, CO(2) and Er:YAG laser irradiation alone or Nd:YAG laser irradiation after air abrasion may be used as an alternative treatment method to increase the bond strength between resin cement and Y-TZP material.

Pre-eruptive intracoronal resorption defects occurred in 40 subjects. Increased awareness and careful radiographic examination of unerupted teeth may improve early detection and treatment of PIR defects.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2.5°C cold saline irrigation as final irrigant on postoperative pain after single-visit root canal treatment of teeth with vital pulps. One-hundred and seventy patients were assessed as eligible and included to the study. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n = 85) (i.e. the control group and the cryotherapy group). In the cryotherapy group, final irrigation with 2.5°C 0.9% physiological saline solution for 5 min was performed following completion of biomechanical preparation, whereas in control group same solution stored at the root temperature was used. Treatments were performed in a single visit. Participants were asked to rate the intensity of their postoperative pain using visual analogue scale at 24 and 48 h. Data were analysed by Mann-Whitney U test and Student's t test. In the cryotherapy group level of reported postoperative pain was significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U test). The outcome of this investigation indicates that 2.5°C cold saline irrigation as final irrigant can result a significant reduction in postoperative pain levels in comparison to the control group. Cryotherapy is a simple, cost-effective, and non-toxic option for postoperative pain control in single visit root canal treatment.

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CBCT imaging offers the clear advantage over conventional imaging that traumatized teeth can be visualized in all three dimensions--especially the oro-facial dimension.