Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is activated in cytoplasm in response to extracellular signals and then is translocated to nucleus. A directed activator for MAPK, MAPK kinase (MAPKK), stays in cytoplasm to transmit the signal from the plasma membrane to MAPK. Here we show that MAPKK contains a short amino acid sequence in the N-terminal region (residues 32-44), which acts as a nuclear export signal (NES) and thus is required for cytoplasmic localization of MAPKK. This NES sequence of MAPKK, like that of protein kinase inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase or Rev, is rich in leucine residues, which are crucial for the NES activity. Furthermore, the NES peptide of protein kinase inhibitor, as well as the NES peptide of MAPKK, inhibited the nuclear export of ovalbumin conjugated to the NES peptide of MAPKK. These results may suggest a common mechanism of nuclear export using a general leucine-rich NES.Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 1 is activated in response to a wide variety of extracellular stimuli (1-4) and functions as one of several important mediators of signal transductions that control cell proliferation (5-10), cell differentiation (7,11,12), and early embryonic development (13-15). Activation of MAPK requires its dual phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine residues catalyzed by MAPK kinase (MAPKK), a dual-specificity protein kinase (16,17). MAPKK exists in cytoplasm (18 -20) and is activated by serine phosphorylation (21-23) catalyzed by an upstream serine/threonine kinase, such as Raf-1 (24 -26), which may be activated near the plasma membrane (27-30). Thus, MAPKK is a key intermediate in the MAPK cascade, and cytoplasmic localization of MAPKK may be important for the proper signal transduction of the MAPK cascade. In fact, MAPK is first activated in cytoplasm through activation of MAPKK and then translocated to the nucleus (18,31,32). However, it remains unclear how cytoplasmic localization of MAPKK is achieved.The first identification of nuclear export signal (NES) (33-38) was recently done in studies characterizing two specific proteins (human immunodeficiency virus, type I-coded Rev protein and inhibitor (PKI) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase) that rapidly shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The NES sequences in Rev and PKI are both rich in hydrophobic residues, in which three leucine residues are critical for nuclear export activity (33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38).During the course of experiments originally designed to elucidate the mechanism of the nuclear translocation of MAPK, we found that MAPKK has in its N-terminal region a short sequence that regulates its subcellular distribution and that the sequence has an NES activity. This NES sequence of MAPKK, like the NES of PKI or Rev, is rich in leucine residues, which were found to be crucial for its NES activity. Furthermore, the NES of PKI and the NES of MAPKK competed with each other. These results may suggest a common mechanism of nuclear export using a general leucine-rich NES.
MATERIALS AND METHODSDNA Construct...