The motor neuron (MN) degenerative disease, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by deficiency of SMN (survival motor neuron), a ubiquitous and indispensable protein essential for biogenesis of snRNPs, key components of pre-mRNA processing. However, SMA's hallmark MN pathology, including neuromuscular junction (NMJ) disruption and sensory-motor circuitry impairment, remains unexplained. Toward this end, we used deep RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to determine if there are any transcriptome changes in MNs and surrounding spinal cord glial cells (white matter, WM) microdissected from SMN-deficient SMA mouse model at presymptomatic postnatal day 1 (P1), before detectable MN pathology (P4-P5). The RNA-seq results, previously unavailable for SMA at any stage, revealed cell-specific selective mRNA dysregulations (∼300 of 11,000 expressed genes in each, MN and WM), many of which are known to impair neurons. Remarkably, these dysregulations include complete skipping of agrin's Z exons, critical for NMJ maintenance, strong upregulation of synapse pruning-promoting complement factor C1q, and down-regulation of Etv1/ER81, a transcription factor required for establishing sensory-motor circuitry. We propose that dysregulation of such specific MN synaptogenesis genes, compounded by many additional transcriptome abnormalities in MNs and WM, link SMN deficiency to SMA's signature pathology.transcriptome perturbations | Z+ (neuronal) agrin | C1q complex S pinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive motor neuron (MN) degenerative disease and a leading genetic cause of infant mortality (1, 2). SMA is caused by deletions or point mutations in the survival of motor neurons 1 gene (SMN1) (3), exposing a splicing defect in a duplicated gene (SMN2), which produces predominantly exon 7-skipped mRNA (SMNΔ7) (4). This in turn creates a degron that destabilizes the SMNΔ7 protein, resulting in reduced SMN levels (SMN deficiency) (5). SMA pathology has been extensively characterized in patients as well as a widely used SMA mouse model (6). Major morphological and biochemical deficits have been found at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and sensory-motor synapses. NMJ defects are first detectable at postnatal day 5 (P5), including presynaptic defects of terminal arborization and intermediate neurofilament aggregation in MNs, poor postsynaptic organization of AChRs in muscle, as well as reduced synaptic vesicle density and release at the NMJ (7-9). Importantly, similar NMJ defects have been reported in type I (the most severe type) SMA human fetuses (10). SMA MNs have also been shown to be hyperexcitable and loss of proprioceptive synapses on the somata, and proximal dendrites of SMA MNs (MN deafferentation) occurs no later than P4 (11-13). These findings indicate that both peripheral (NMJs) and central (sensory-motor) synapses are affected in SMA mice at early stage of disease. Although SMA is clinically manifested primarily in MNs, recent studies have shown that other cell types and nonneuronal tissues are also involved (13,14,15). SMN,...

Abstract-Thrombospondin-1 is a multifunctional protein interacting with several cell surface receptors including integrins. We found that it is a ligand for ␣9␤1 integrin, and has an integrin binding site within its N-terminal domain (NoC1). Interaction of thrombospondin-1 and its recombinant NoC1 domain with ␣9␤1 integrin was confirmed in ELISA and cell adhesion assays. Binding of NoC1 to cells expressing ␣9␤1 integrin activated signaling proteins such as Erk1/2 and paxillin. Blocking of this integrin by monoclonal antibody and the met-leu-asp-disintegrin inhibited dermal human microvascular endothelial cell proliferation and NoC1-induced migration of these cells. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that ␣9␤1 is expressed on microvascular endothelium in several organs including skin, lung, heart and brain. NoC1 induced neovascularization in an experimental quail chorioallantoic membrane system and Matrigel plug formation assay in mice. This proangiogenic activity of NoC1 in vivo was inhibited by ␣9␤1 inhibitors. In summary, our results revealed that ␣9␤1 integrin expressed on microvascular endothelial cells interacts with thrombospondin-1, and this interaction is involved in modulation of angiogenesis.