This study is motivated to increase
the value of cocoa pod husk
(CPH), which is currently considered as waste in the cocoa farming,
by converting it to activated carbon (AC). The main goal is to comparatively
evaluate the impact of H3PO4 and KOH as chemical-activating
agents on the resulting textural properties of the obtained carbon
from CPH. Furthermore, the effects of the impregnation ratio and precursor’s
particle size were also examined. In all cases considered, H3PO4-activated CPH obtained a higher yield and more desirable
properties over KOH-activated CPH. Characterization of the physisorptive
properties such as Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area
(S
BET), total pore volume (V
total), and average pore diameter (D
p) also suggested that H3PO4 is the better
activating agent. The highest S
BET obtained
was 1237.47 m2/g from the 2.00:1.00 impregnation ratio. V
total (1.11 cm3/g) was also found
to be the highest at this condition. Further analyses on the D
p and pore size distribution revealed that AC
obtained from H3PO4 was mesoporous. Proposed
porosity development on both activating agents suggest that KOH is
a more reactive activating agent for CPH than H3PO4, as evidenced by severe material loss and low structural
integrity.
Abstract. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of modified photoperiods and light intensities on grow-out production of tilapia under indoor tank culture system; specifically on water quality and on growth performance of tilapia. The study was conducted inside the greenhouse and considered two factors: photoperiod (24L:0D, 20L:4D and 16L:8D); and light intensity (40 watts m -2 , 60 watts m -2 and 80 watts m -2 ); also, a control treatment was set-up outside the greenhouse to receive the normal environmental condition. Light manipulations inside the greenhouse were able to sustain the water quality within the desirable level for tilapia cultured in tank; while control tanks shows high water quality variation. Growth performance of tilapia cultured in tank responds positively in prolonged photoperiod at different light intensities. However, light manipulation gave insignificant difference on feed conversion ratio and survival rate compared to normal condition. Results indicated that 20-hours photoperiod and 40 watts m -2 light intensity is just enough to sustain the recommended water quality and better growth performance of the cultured tilapia in indoor tank system. It can be concluded that longer photoperiod and restrained light intensity can improved the growth performance of tilapia under indoor tank culture.
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