Bone marrow-derived MOs/MPs recruited via CCR2 and acting via TGF-β1 are essential for maintaining integrity of the neurovascular unit following brain ischemia. Future therapies should be aimed at enhancing physiological repair functions of CCR2(+) MOs/MPs rather than blocking their hematogenous recruitment.
Radiation therapy is an integral part of the multidisciplinary management of breast cancer. Regional lymph node irradiation in younger trials seems to provide superior target coverage as well as a reduction in long-term toxicity resulting in a small benefit in the overall survival rate. For partial breast irradiation there are now two large trials available which support the role of partial breast irradiation in low risk breast cancer patients. Multiple randomized trials have established that a sequentially applied dose to the tumor bed improves local control with the cost of worse cosmetic results.
The aim of the study was to control the number of inertial cavitation bubbles in the focal area of an electromagnetic lithotripter in water independently of peak intensity, averaged intensity or pressure waveform. To achieve this, the shockwave pulses were applied in double pulse sequences, which were administered at a fixed pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 0.33 Hz. The two pulses of a double pulse were separated by a variable short pulse separation time (PST) ranging from 200 micros to 1500 ms. The number and size of the cavitation bubbles were monitored by scattered laser light and stroboscopic photographs. We found that the number of inertial cavitation bubbles as a measure of cavitation dose was substantially influenced by variation of the PST, while the pressure pulse waveform, averaged acoustic intensity and bubble size were kept constant. The second pulse of each double pulse generated more cavitation bubbles than the first. At 14 kV capacitor voltage, the total number of cavitation bubbles generated by the double pulses increased with shorter PST down to approximately 400 micros, the cavitation lifespan. The results can be explained by cavitation nuclei generated by the violently imploding inertial cavitation bubbles. This method of pulse administration and cavitation monitoring could be useful to establish a cavitation dose-effect relationship independently of other acoustic parameters.
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