The article for the first time raises the question of authorship of one of the key sources on archaeology and ethnography of the peoples of the North Caucasus, first and foremost the Balkars, Kabardins, Karachais, and Abazins — an album with watercolour drawings of fortresses, churches, funerary monuments, elements of costume of mountain peoples, etc. stored in the fonds of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera). This source is known in historiography under the name of its first owner, D.A. Vyrubov, head of the Nalchik district of the Terek region. The article argues that the author of the album was Ivan A. Vladimirov (1869-1947), Russian and later Soviet artist, archaeologist, and military correspondent. Handwriting experts' examination of handwritten notes in the album and I.A. Vladimirov’s reports on archaeological investigations conducted in the Nalchik district confirms this; chronology and geography of the album coincides with I.A. Vladimirov's travels to the Caucasus. There is interconnected and complementary information on a number of archaeological and ancient architectural monuments, as well as on people who supported Vladimirov in his field research — Dimitri Alekseyevich Vyrubov, the chief of the Nalchik district, and Dadashe Dohshukovich Balkarokov, a Chegem taubian. It is shown that the period from 1892 to 1898, that is, from I.A. Vladimirov’s first appearance in the Nalchik district to Colonel D.A. Vyrubov’s transfer to Vladikavkaz, is the most probable time of the album’s creation. Establishing the identity of the artist who created the album has significantly broadened the information capacity of the source itself, as it now can be considered in conjunction with I. A. Vladimirov's scientific accounts of his archaeological work. This, in turn, facilitates identification of a number of objects, including ancient half-destroyed Christian church near Bylym village. In addition, comparative study of the sources has yielded new information on the monuments. Thus, the album contains drawings and measurements of mausoleums and crypts near the village of Gundelen, church on the Kisanty river, mausoleums and tombs in the same area, while I.A. Vladimirov’s report contains photos of these objects, their site layout plan and drawings. Some previously unknown facts from the history of the first archaeological expedition conducted by I.A. Vladimirov in 1896 have also been revealed.
Публикация вводит в научный оборот результаты исследований, проведенных И.А. Владимировым в 1897 г. на могильнике, расположенном близ аула Кашхатау, на левом берегу р. Черек (Кабардино-Балкария). Археологический памятник представлял собой курганную группу, насчитывавшую более 20 каменных насыпей, окружавших почти полностью разрушенный наземный склеп-кешене. Исследователь составил план могильника, выполнил зарисовку усыпальницы и раскопал два кургана. Часть материалов полевого отчета И.А. Владимирова, относящихся к раскопкам курганов близ аула Кашхатау, введена в научный оборот, однако сведения о склепе-кешене в публикацию не вошли. В дальнейшем, уже в XX и XXI столетиях, ряд авторов, ориентируясь на эту неполную информацию о могильнике, рассматривали склеп и курганную группу как два различных, не связанных друг с другом археологических объекта, что привело к появлению в научной литературе ошибочной датировки и не обоснованной этнокультурной интерпретации могильника. Склеп-кешене представляет собой наземное прямоугольное в плане сооружение с двухскатной крышей, сложен из обработанного камня на известковом растворе, стены оштукатурены. Памятник находит прямые аналогии в ряду балкарских усыпальниц XVI-XVIII вв. Склеп-кешене и окружающие его курганы, без сомнения, принадлежат одной и той же этно-социальной группе. Особенности исследованных под курганами погребений и обнаруженные в них находки позволяют отнести весь могильник к числу погребальных памятников одного из балкарских обществ, которое на рубеже средневековья-нового времени населяло равнинную часть долины р. Черек у входа в предгорья. Ключевые слова: археология, Кабардино-Балкария, склеп-кешене, каменные курганы, балкарцы, позднее средневековье, новое время История горских народов Центрального Предкавказья на рубеже средних веков-нового времени слабо отражена в письменных источниках. Пожалуй, к балкарцам это утверждение относится в большей степени, чем к их соседям. Само название Балкар, Болхар появляется в документах только с XVII в. и в качестве топонима, лишь с 1740-х гг. термин балкар начинает использоваться как этноним 1 .
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus' treatise De Administrando Imperio contains unique information on the "Papagiya's country" located in the Northwest Caucasus between Zikhiya and Kasakhiya. The given research presents the two-century history of studies of Papagiya. The author shows the range of questions, which aroused the Papagiya's researchers' interest, and reveals the stages of study, as well as the factors which caused the formation of its main versions, approaches and features. Papagiya drew attention of historians and archaeologists, mainly, in the context of Zikhiya and Kasakhiya's studies. Two main versions-about "Adyghe" and "not-Adyghe" ethnic origin of papags were proposed. The study of Papagiya wasn't connected with research on Khazaria and those historical processes which proceeded in the Northwest Caucasus during a Khazaria era. Researchers relied only on written sources, and did not pay attention to the most important layer of information-archaeological materials. The author makes conclusion that the main questions-localization of Papagiya and clarification of ethnic identification of papags-can be considered at the new methodical level only in the complex analysis of the source text together with the others texts of medieval authors on ethnocultural and political situation in medieval Northwest Caucasus, and materials of archaeological monuments of Zakubanye and Northeast Black Sea Coast of that period.
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus' treatise De Administrando Imperio contains unique information on the country of Papagiya located in the Northwest Caucasus between Zikhiya and Kasakhiya. The present paper deals with the issues of Papagiya localization in the Trans-Kuban region and the ethnocultural features of the Papags on the basis of the complex analysis of archaeological and written sources. We make a conclusion that the territory of Papagiya corresponds to the area of cremation burials of the end of the 7 th-9 th cc. Besides, we assume the multi-ethnic character of the country's population, which includes the representatives of сremation rites, the prabolgar tribes and local settled tribes of the foothills. The general reconstruction of history of Papagiya is proposed. At the time of the Khazar Khaganate, Papagiya played the leading role on a left bank of Kuban, but in the first half of the 10 th century under the pressure of nomads and in the conditions of a general crisis of Khazaria, Papagiya lost its status. The name of this country was no longer mentioned in written sources, and its population accepted the name of the Kasogs.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.