Increasing evidence indicates that forest disturbances are changing in response to global change, yet local variability in disturbance remains high. We quantified this considerable variability and analyzed whether recent disturbance episodes around the globe were consistently driven by climate, and if human influence modulates patterns of forest disturbance. We combined remote sensing data on recent (2001–2014) disturbances with in-depth local information for 50 protected landscapes and their surroundings across the temperate biome. Disturbance patterns are highly variable, and shaped by variation in disturbance agents and traits of prevailing tree species. However, high disturbance activity is consistently linked to warmer and drier than average conditions across the globe. Disturbances in protected areas are smaller and more complex in shape compared to their surroundings affected by human land use. This signal disappears in areas with high recent natural disturbance activity, underlining the potential of climate-mediated disturbance to transform forest landscapes.

Citation: Gonz alez, M. E., S. G omez-Gonz alez, A. Lara, R. Garreaud, and I. D ıaz-Hormaz abal.Abstract. Forest fire activity has increased in recent years in central and south-central Chile. Drought conditions have been associated with the increase of large wildfires, area burned and longer fire seasons. This study examines the influence of drought on fire regimes and discusses landscape management opportunities to decrease fire hazard. Specifically, we investigate the effect of the 2010-2015 Megadrought (MD) compared to 1990-2009 period on fire activity (fire-season length, number of fires and burned area across months, fire sizes, regions and vegetation cover types, simultaneity, and duration of fires) in central and south-central Chile (32°-39°S), using contemporary fire statistics derived from the Chilean Forest Service. For large fire events (>200 ha) the average season length increased by 67 d (44%), comparing 2010-2015 to 1990-2009. Earlier and later ignition dates resulted in extended fire seasons in MD years. During the MD, the number, area burned, simultaneity, and duration of large fires increased significantly compared to the control period, including the unprecedented occurrence of large fires during winter. The burned area in large fires increased in all vegetation types, during the MD compared to the control period, especially in the exotic plantation cover type. The regions that were most affected by fire (i.e., total area burned) during the MD were Maule, B ıo-B ıo, and Araucan ıa (35-39°S) that concentrate >75% of forest plantations in Chile. Although both maximum temperatures and precipitation are drivers of fire activity, a simple attribution analysis indicates that the sustained rainfall deficit during 2010-2015 was the most critical factor in the enhanced fire activity. Future climate change predictions indicate more recurrent, intense, and temporally extended droughts for central and south-central Chile. Under this scenario, land-use planning and fire and forest management strategies must promote a more diverse and less flammable landscape mosaic limiting high load, homogenous, and continuous exotic plantations.

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SUMMARYIn the last decades, forest fires have been a concern in different regions of the world, especially by increased occurrences product of human activities and climate changes. In this study the spatio-temporal trends in the occurrence and area affected by fire in the Maule region during the period 1986-2012 were examined. We use the Corporación Nacional Forestal fire database, whose records were spatially represented by a grid of 2x2 km. The occurrence was stable during the analyzed period with an average of 378 events per year. The burned area presented three periods above average with 5.273 hectares per year. Most of the fires affected surfaces of less than 5 hectares, while a very small number of events explain most of the area annually burned in the region. According to the startup fuel, we found an increasing number of events initiated in forest plantations in contrast to the decreasing number of fires originated in the native forests. Causes of fires associated with transit and transportation were the most important. The number of events accidentally caused by burning waste significantly increased in the period studied. Most of the fires occurred in the coastal area and the central valley, strongly associated with the road network and the most populated cities. This work represents an important contribution to the characterization of forest fires in the region of Maule, being the first to represent the fire statistics in Chile in a spatially explicit way.Key words: rotation period, causes and origin of fires, fire regime. RESUMENEn las últimas décadas, los incendios forestales han sido una preocupación en distintas regiones del mundo, especialmente, por el incremento en su ocurrencia producto de actividades humanas y cambios en el clima. En este estudio se examinaron las tendencias espacio-temporales en la ocurrencia y superficie afectada por incendios en la región del Maule durante el período 1986-2012. Se utilizó la base de datos de incendios de la Corporación Nacional Forestal, cuyos registros fueron representados espacialmente mediante una grilla de 2x2 km. La ocurrencia se mantuvo estable durante el periodo analizado con un promedio de 378 eventos por año. La superficie quemada presentó tres periodos por sobre el promedio de 5.273 hectáreas al año. La mayor parte de los incendios afectó superficies < 5 ha, mientras que un número muy pequeño de eventos explicaron la mayor parte del área quemada anualmente en la región. Según el combustible de inicio, aumentaron aquellos eventos iniciados en plantaciones forestales y disminuyeron aquellos originados en bosque nativo. Las causas de incendios asociadas al tránsito y al transporte resultaron ser las más importantes. El número de eventos causados accidentalmente por quema de desechos aumentó significativamente en el periodo estudiado. La mayor parte de los incendios se localiza en la zona costera y en el llano central, fuertemente asociados a la red vial y a las ciudades más pobladas. Este trabajo es una contribución a la caracterización de los incendi...