Sickle cell disease affects between 70,000 and 90,000 individuals in the United States, the majority of whom are of African-American descent. The genetic basis of the disease is an abnormality in the β-globin gene, which causes the red blood cells to change to a “sickle” shape due to low oxygenation. The life span of patients with this disease has improved over the past few decades, although morbidity remains high. This review covers the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease and the stabilization and assessment, diagnosis and treatment, maintenance and preventive therapies, and cure of patients with sickle cell disease. Figures show hemoglobin electrophoresis; age at death for individuals with sickle cell disease in the years 1979, 1989, 1999, and 2006; sickled cells blocking blood flow; acute chest syndrome; dactylitis; and avascular necrosis. Tables list important trials, topics in need of further research, common complications, most common intravenous pain medications, and indications for transfusion. This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, 97 references, and a list of educational resources.
Central overexpression of leptin leads to hypertension that can be reversed by a leptin antagonist. In contrast, this leptin antagonist does not reverse the high-fat feeding-induced elevation of blood pressure, even though there is apparent blockade of other leptin-mediated metabolic and sympatho-excitatory responses.
Aging and obesity both have a significant impact on central blood pressure (BP) regulation, and previous studies indicated that changes in central redox signaling with age may affect high-fat (HF) diet-induced cardiovascular responses. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 60% HF feeding on BP regulation in young adult (5 mo) and old (26 mo) Fischer-344 × Brown-Norway rats. Radiotelemetric transmitters were implanted to measure BP, heart rate (HR), locomotor activity, and spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity. Expression and activity of NADPH oxidase and ANG II type 1 receptor were assessed in the hypothalamus and in the nucleus tractus solitarii. Old animals gained more weight on HF diet compared with young, whereas central NADPH oxidase expression and activity elevated similarly in the two age groups. After an initial hypotensive and tachycardic response during the first week of HF feeding, BP in young animals increased and became significantly elevated after 6 wk of HF feeding. In contrast, BP in old animals remained depressed. Nighttime HR and locomotor activity decreased in both young and old rats fed with HF diet, but these changes were more significant in young rats. As a result, amplitudes of circadian variation of BP, HR, and activity that were originally higher in young rats declined significantly and became similar in the two age groups. In conclusion, our experiments led to the surprising finding that HF diet has a more serious impact on cardiovascular regulation in young animals compared with old.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.