The complete form of the high-temperature expansion of the one-loop contribution to the free energy of a scalar field on a stationary gravitational background is derived. The explicit expressions for the divergent and finite parts of the high-temperature expansion in a three-dimensional space without boundaries are obtained.These formulas generalize the known one for the stationary spacetime. In particular, we confirm that for a massless conformal scalar field the leading correction to the Planck law proportional to the temperature squared turns out to be nonzero due to non-static nature of the metric. The explicit expression for the so-called energy-time anomaly is found. The interrelation between this anomaly and the conformal (trace) anomaly is established. The natural simplest Lagrangian for the "Killing vector field" is given. *

Abstract:The explicit expressions for the one-loop non-perturbative corrections to the gravitational effective action induced by a scalar field on a stationary gravitational background are obtained both at zero and finite temperatures. The perturbative and nonperturbative contributions to the one-loop effective action are explicitly separated. It is proved that, after a suitable renormalization, the perturbative part of the effective action at zero temperature can be expressed in a covariant form solely in terms of the metric and its derivatives. This part coincides with the known large mass expansion of the one-loop effective action. The non-perturbative part of the renormalized one-loop effective action at zero temperature is proved to depend explicitly on the Killing vector defining the vacuum state of quantum fields. This part cannot be expressed in a covariant way through the metric and its derivatives alone. The implications of this result for the structure and symmetries of the effective action for gravity are discussed.

The explicit expressions for the high-temperature expansions of the one-loop corrections to the omegapotential coming from charged scalar and Dirac particles and, separately, from antiparticles in a constant homogeneous magnetic field are derived. The explicit expressions for the non-perturbative corrections to the effective action at finite temperature and density are obtained. Thermodynamic properties of a gas of charged scalars in a constant homogeneous magnetic field are analyzed in the one-loop approximation. It turns out that, in this approximation, the system suffers a first-order phase transition from the diamagnetic to the superconducting state at sufficiently high densities. The improvement of the one-loop result by summing the ring diagrams is investigated. This improvement leads to a drastic change in thermodynamic properties of the system. The gas of charged scalars passes to the ferromagnetic state in place of the superconducting one at high densities and sufficiently low temperatures, in the high temperature regime. * Recall that the Lagrangian of the effective action L(1) ef f = −Ω (1) . In particular, it follows from (7), (8) that, in the high-temperature expansion of the total one-loop omega-potential, the vacuum contribution is canceled out by the analogous term in the omega-potential coming from real particles (for fermions in QED see [38] and for the general case see [27,28,32]).The following stability conditions are assumed in formulas (1), (7) and (8):

The complete nonperturbative expressions for the high-temperature expansion of the one-loop effective action induced by the charged scalar and the charged Dirac particles both at zero and finite temperatures are derived with account of possible nontrivial boundary conditions. The background electromagnetic field is assumed to be stationary and such that the corresponding Klein-Gordon operator or the Dirac Hamiltonian is self-adjoint. The contributions of particles and antiparticles are obtained separately. The explicit expressions for the C-symmetric and the non-C-symmetric vacuum energies of the Dirac fermions are derived. The leading corrections to the high-temperature expansion due to the nontrivial boundary conditions are explicitly found. The corrections to the logarithmic divergence of the effective action that come from the boundary conditions are derived. The high-temperature expansion of the naive one-loop effective action induced by charged fermions turns out to be divergent in the limit of a zero fermion mass.

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