Application of fungal endophytes can be an alternative to control basal stem rot disease in oil palm, caused by Ganoderma boninense. Chitinase is a type of defensive protein synthesized by plants in response to biotic factors. The purpose of this study was to analyze the chitinase activity of oil palm as a defensive mechanism to fungal endophytes and pathogenic G. boninense. Four species of fungal endophytes, Trichoderma harzianum MTP 10 (Th-MTP10), Trichoderma longibrachiatum KBA 31 (Tl-KBA 31), Lasiodiplodia venezuelensis MJP 28 (Lv-MJP 28), Dothidiomycetes sp. MTD 29 (Dt-MTD 29) and one species of fungal pathogen G. boninense and with their each cell wall suspension were introduced to oil palm plantlets in axenic condition. Chitinase activity was observed from the root of oil palm plantlets inoculated with both living cell and cell wall suspension of endophytic fungi and pathogenic G. boninense. Results showed that chitinase activities varied in each fungal treatment and were significantly differed from control. Fungal cell wall elicitors were able to significantly induce chitinase activity after 1 week post treatment (wpt). Statistically, only the chitinase activity from fungal endophyte Lv-MJP 28 was significantly higher from others for 8 and 12 days. Pre-treatment of oil palm plantlet with fungal cell wall suspension for 1 wpt could induce the chitinase activity higher than control when, oil palm infected with fungal pathogen of Ganoderma boninense.
Aims:This study evaluated the accuracy of three methods used in the identification of Aeromonas hydrophila, a Gramnegative bacterium found in warm aquatic environments. A. hydrophila samples from Indonesia were tested using (a) SNI 7303, developed by the Indonesian government, (b) the method of Dorsch and (c) the method of Cascón. The results obtained were compared to that of the gold standard method, which used 16S rDNA sequences. Methodology and results: Based on the Indonesian government standard identification method SNI7303, we identified 56 out of 95 samples as A. hydrophila. The samples were then screened using the PCR amplification approach developed by Dorsch and Cascón. Of the 56 samples, only 20 samples were found to be positive by either the Dorsch or Cascón methods. DNA from these 20 samples was amplified using common 16S rDNA primers and the sequences compared with available 16S rDNA sequences from the GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses on the data were performed using Clustal X and MEGA 5 software. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Of the 56 samples positively identified as A. hydrophila using the BSN method, identity in only five samples were positively confirmed using the16S rDNA method, giving an accuracy of only 8.9%. In this connection, the Dorsch method was 31.3% accurate while the Cascón method provided 45.5% correct identification. When all three methods were used in combination, 71.4% of the samples were correctly identified. The results of the study show that methods used to identify A. hydrophila cannot be used with confidence to identify A. hydrophila from Indonesia and probably from other tropical regions as well. The genetic diversity of Aeromonas bacteria in Indonesia appears to be considerably higher than that encountered by Dorsch or Cascón. Therefore, there is a need to develop a new simple method to identify A. hydrophila from tropical regions.
Coffee is an important commodity and one of the most popular beverages in the world. Over 2.25 billion cups of coffee are consumed in the world every day (Ponte 2002). In 2012, Indonesia ranked third after Brazil and Vietnam in the global production of green coffee beans (USDA 2012). Five species of coffee that are commonly cultivated in the world include Coffea arabica, C. canephora, C. robusta, C. liberica, and C. excelsa (Doyle et al., 2001). In Indonesia C. robusta and C. arabica are the species mostly planted (Neilson, 2008). Due to its high market demand, coffee processing has developed to produce various flavors to satisfy the consumers. One type of coffee that is increasingly popular is luwak coffee (Kopi Luwak) which is produced exclusively by the Indonesian palm civet or luwak (Paradoxurus hermaphrodites ssp.). Luwak is a small mammal (Carnivora, Viverridae) living in the rain forests of Java and Sumatera, although its various subspecies are intensely distributed in South East Asia (Patou 2010). The distinctive taste of this coffee has been recognized since coffee plantation started in Indonesia during the Dutch colonial era. The luwak eats fruits, including coffee fruits or coffee cherries. Only the best and mature coffee cherries would be eaten by the luwak. This process will produce coffee with distinctive flavor. The price of luwak coffee is relatively high because only a small quantity of this coffee is produced (Marcone 2004). Once ingested by luwak, coffee cherries will pass through its entire digestive system. This process removes the outer layers of the fruit. After digestion, the remaining coffee beans were collected from the forest floor, cleaned, roasted, and ground; with the same process as the harvested coffee beans. Thus the unique flavor of Kopi Luwak comes from the digestion process in luwak, which includes mechanical, biochemical, and fermentation processes (Marcone 2004). Microorganisms, especially bacteria, are closely associated with the digestive process in monogastric animals (Kraatz 2010). Several studies have been conducted to determine the types of bacteria involved in the fermentation process, for example by trying to isolate the bacteria from faeces of civet and the luwak's coffee beans (Fauzi 2014). Currently, there is no information about the bacterial diversity in parts of Luwak coffee is a highly-priced coffee produced exclusively by the palm civet or luwak (Paradoxurus hermaphrodites ssp.). The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of culturable bacteria in the gastro intestinal tract of luwak. The bacterial isolates were phenotypically characterized by their morphology and molecularly by analysis of their 1 500 bp 16s rDNA sequence. The results showed that Enterobacter cloacae and Lactobacillus brevis were found all over luwak's digestive tract. E. cloacae was the most common species. The most diverse bacterial population was found in small intestine. Seven bacterial genera were successfully identified from the small intestine and colon, compared to only ...
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