Patients with COPD have a higher risk of type 2 diabetes compared with control subjects after adjusting for confounding factors such as sex, age, residential area, insurance premium, steroid use, hypertriglycemia, hypertension, CAD and cerebrovascular disease. Continuous surveillance of signals of dysglycemia may be incorporated into care programmes for patients with COPD.

Abundances of study in different population have noted that obese cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients have a better prognosis than leaner patients, which refer to the phenomenon of obesity paradox. However, data on the association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality among Asian patients are limited, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigate the association between BMI and all-cause mortality in Taiwanese patients with T2DM to define the optimal body weight for health.We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of 2161 T2DM patients with a mean follow-up period of 66.7 ± 7.5 months. Using Cox regression models, BMI was related to the risk of all-cause mortality after adjusting all confounding factors.A U-shaped association between BMI and all-cause mortality was observed among all participants. Those with BMIs <22.5 kg/m2 had a significantly elevated all-cause mortality as compared with those with BMIs 22.5 to 25.0 kg/m2, (BMIs 17.5–20.0 kg/m2: hazard ratio 1.989, P < 0.001; BMIs 20.0–22.5 kg/m2: hazard ratio 1.286, P = 0.02), as did those with BMIs >30.0 kg/m2 (BMIs 30.0–32.5 kg/m2: hazard ratio 1.670, P < 0.001; BMIs 32.5–35.0 kg/m2: hazard ratio, 2.632, P < 0.001). This U-shaped association remained when we examined the data by sex, age, smoking, and kidney function.Our study found a U-shaped relationship between all-cause mortality and BMI in Asian patients with T2DM, irrespective of age, sex, smoking, and kidney function. BMI <30 kg/m2 should be regarded as a potentially important target in the weight management of T2DM.

ObjectiveTuberculosis continues to be a major global health problem. We wanted to investigate whether Type 2 diabetes was a risk factor for tuberculosis in an Asian population.MethodsFrom Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, we collected data from 31,237 female patients with type 2 diabetes and 92,642 female controls and 32,493 male patients with type 2 diabetes and 96,977 male controls. Cox proportional hazard regression was performed to evaluate independent risk factors for tuberculosis in all patients and to identify risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes.ResultsDuring the study period, both female (standardized incidence ratio (SIR): 1.40, p<0.01) and male (SIR: 1.48, p<0.01) patients with type 2 diabetes were found to have a significantly higher rate of incident tuberculosis than the control group. Type 2 diabetes (HR:1.31, 1.23–1.39, p<0.001) was significantly associated with tuberculosis after adjusting sex, age, bronchiectasis, asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease.ConclusionsPatients with type 2 diabetes have a higher risk of tuberculosis compared to control subjects after adjusting for confounding factors. The current diabetes epidemic may lead to a resurgence of tuberculosis in endemic regions. Therefore, preventive measures, including addressing the possibility that type 2 diabetes increase the individual’s susceptibility for incident TB, should be taken to further reduce the incidence of tuberculosis.