Background
The efficacy of ginseng, the representative product of Korea, and its chemical effects have been well investigated. The ginsenoside RG3 has been reported to exhibit apoptotic, anticancer, and antidepressant-like effects.
Methods
In this report, the putative effect of RG3 on several cellular function including cell survival, differentiation, development and aging process were evaluated by monitoring each specific marker. Also, mitochondrial morphology and function were investigated in ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblast cells.
Results
RG3 treatment increased the expression of extracellular matrix proteins, growth-associated immediate-early genes, and cell proliferation genes in UV-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblast cells. And, RG3 also resulted in enhanced expression of antioxidant proteins such as nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor-2 and heme oxygenase-1. In addition, RG3 affects the morphology of UV-induced mitochondria and plays a role in protecting mitochondrial dysfunction.
Conclusioin
RG3 restores mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and membrane potential via its antioxidant effects in skin cells damaged by UV irradiation, leading to an increase in proteins linked with the extracellular matrix, cell proliferation, and antioxidant activity.
Mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), which was initially discovered as a transcription factor for mitochondrial DNA, has known to be critical for the regulation of mitochondrial DNA. However the possible involvement of TFAM in cancer is largely unknown. In this study, we have provided some evidence that TFAM may have a potential role in brain tumor. Western blot analysis with anti‑TFAM antibody indicated that TFAM is overexpressed in glioblastoma cell lines including U87MG and U251MG. Transcriptome profiling of U87MG and U251MG cells by using deep‑sequencing revealed that TFAM transcripts were upregulated in these cells compared to its of cerebral cortex. Confocal microscopic analysis of U251MG cells with anti‑TFAM antibody showed that TFAM is located to the dot‑like structure close to nucleus, probably mitochondria and endosome. Immunohistochemical analysis of glioma tissue specimens indicated that TFAM is highly upregulated. Bioinformatical analysis with Rembrandt knowledgebase also supported that TFAM mRNA is upregulated in glioma patients. Taken together, the results presented in this study obviously provided the evidence that TFAM was upregulated in glioma cell line and glioma tissue specimens. Therefore TFAM may be a novel diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for glioma and other cancer.
TRIO and F-actin-binding protein (TrioBP), which was initially discovered as a binding partner of Trio and F-actin, is a critical factor associated with hearing loss in humans. However, the function of TrioBP in cancer has not been investigated. In the present study, TrioBP expression was indicated to be highly elevated in U87-MG and U343-MG cells. Furthermore, the TrioBP mRNA expression level was markedly increased in U87-MG and U251-MG cells compared with that in cerebral cortex cells, as determined by deep sequencing. Comprehensive analysis of a public TCGA dataset confirmed that TrioBP expression is elevated in patients with glioblastoma. In summary, the present data indicate that TrioBP expression is increased in glioblastoma cell lines and in patients with glioma, suggesting that TrioBP has potential as a diagnostic marker or therapeutic agent for glioma.
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