Copper(II)-catalyzed hydroxylation of aryl halides has been developed to afford functionalized phenols. The protocol utilizes the reagent combination of Cu(OH)2, glycolic acid, and NaOH in aqueous DMSO, all of which are cheap, readily available, and easily removable after the reaction. A broad range of aryl iodides and activated aryl bromides were transformed into the corresponding phenols in excellent yields. Moreover, it has been shown that C-O(alkyl)-coupled product, instead of phenol, can be predominantly formed under similar reaction conditions.
Theoretical and experimental studies were investigated on the growth characteristics and electrical properties of HfO2 films using Hf(N(CH3)2)4 and CpHf(N(CH3)2)3.
With the hope of mimicking the chemical and biological properties of natural 6-O-methyl-Dglucose-containing polysaccharides (MGP), synthetic 6-O-methyl-D-glucose-containing polysaccharides (sMGP) were designed and synthesized from α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (CDs). The synthetic route proved to be flexible and general, to furnish a series of sMGPs ranging from 6-mer to 20-mer. A practical and scalable method was discovered selectively to cleave the CD derivatives and furnish the linear precursors to the glycosyl donors and acceptors. The Mukaiyama glycosidation was adopted to couple the glycosyl donors with the glycosyl acceptors. Unlike in the sMMP series, an amount of the Mukaiyama acid required in the sMGP series increased with an increase of substrate size; for large oligomers, more than one equivalent of the acid was required.
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