Sea cucumbers possess high-value and bioactive components that have been used for human food and pharmaceuticals in treating a wide number of ailments. Most of the sea cucumber products on the market are dehydrated due to the immediate autolysis that occurs upon removal of the sea cucumber from seawater. Rehydration of the dried products is necessary to obtain sea cucumbers with the highest water content. In this study, a rapid and non-invasive NMR and MRI method was introduced to analyze the rehydration process for dried sea cucumber. The spin-spin relaxation time (T 2 ) weighted NMR signal, obtained by a CPMG pulse sequence and processed by the chemometric method, was used to identify lightly dried and salted dried sea cucumber. The water uptake and distribution during the rehydration process was monitored by NMR 1 H T 2 . Structural changes were analyzed by MRI with T 1 and T 2 weighted imaging. The results indicated that the proper presoaking and rehydration time was 24 and 96 h, respectively, for lightly dried sea cucumber. Good linear correlation during the rehydration process was observed between the NMR parameters and texture profile analysis parameters including the hardness, chewiness, and rehydration ratio of lightly dried sea cucumbers. The NMR and MRI method has the potential to noninvasively analyze the rehydration process of dried sea cucumber.
The influence of liquid conductivity on electrical breakdown and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production in a nanosecond pulsed filamentary discharge generated in a water film plasma reactor was investigated over the liquid conductivity range from 0.01 mS cm−1 to 36 mS cm−1 by adding KCl to deionized (DI) water and using helium and argon as carrier gases. The plasma properties, including electron density, gas temperature, and plasma volume, the H2O2 production rate and energy yield, and the energy dissipation into the liquid were determined at different liquid conductivity. The energy dissipation into the bulk liquid increased as the liquid conductivity increased causing the total input energy to increase and resulting in a small decrease in H2O2 energy yield. In addition, the production rate of H2O2 did not change significantly with conductivity for the helium plasma but decreased about 13 percent in the argon plasma. The energy deposited in the helium plasma did not change with conductivity, thereby causing the H2O2 energy yield based upon energy in the plasma to be constant with conductivity. A model based upon the electrical circuit was used to predict the breakdown voltage for a range of liquid conductivity up to 36 mS cm−1. This model also showed that decreasing the rise time of the applied voltage (i.e. faster rising rate) significantly increased the breakdown voltage, and therefore improved the liquid conductivity tolerance of the plasma system allowing it to function at near sea-water conductivity.
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