Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) has been acknowledged as an emerging infectious disease that is caused by the SFTS virus (SFTSV). The main clinical features of SFTS on presentation include fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia and gastrointestinal symptoms. The mortality rate is estimated to range between 5-30% in East Asia. However, SFTSV infection is increasing on an annual basis globally and is becoming a public health problem. The transmission cycle of SFTSV remains poorly understood, which is compounded by the pathogenesis of SFTS not being fully elucidated. Since the mechanism underlying the host immune response towards SFTSV is also unclear, there are no effective vaccines or specific therapeutic agents against SFTS, with supportive care being the only realistic option. Therefore, it is now crucial to understand all aspects of the host-virus interaction following SFTSV infection, including the antiviral states and viral evasion mechanisms. In the present review, recent research progress into the possible host immune responses against SFTSV was summarized, which may be useful in designing novel therapeutics against SFTS.
Abstract. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B, which affect promoter CpG methylation status, play a significant role in cancer development. Little is known regarding the clinical significance of DNMT expression in gastric cancers. Expression of DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B in paraffin sections from 54 gastric cancer patients were examined using immunohistochemistry, and their associations with the corresponding clinicopathological parameters were analyzed using the Chi-square test. Overexpression of DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B in gastric cancer tissues was observed in 35 (64.8%), 38 (70.4%) and 28 (51.9%) of 54 cases, respectively. DNMT1 was localized in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the cancer cells, whereas DNMT3A and DNMT3B were detected only in the cytoplasm. DNMT1 expression was more frequently found in tumors localizing at the cardia or body of the stomach (P= 0.048). DNMT3A was associated with TNM stage (P= 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P= 0.002). No significant correlation was found between DNMT3B expression and clinicopathological data (P>0.05). The co-expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3A, and of DNMT3A and DNMT3B was more frequently found in tumors localizing at the cardia or body of the stomach (P= 0.005 and P= 0.009 respectively). Moreover, co-expression of DNMT1 and DNMT3A was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P= 0.035). DNMTs are overexpressed in gastric cancer, and may play a significant role in the development of aberrant promoter methylation during tumorigenesis.
A large number of randomized controlled trials involving chemotherapy in the management of advanced colorectal cancer were conducted. 5-FU/LV in combination with irinotecan (IRI) or oxaliplatin (OXA) was used. The aim of the meta-analysis was to compare and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the two therapeutic approaches for patients with advanced colorectal cancer. A literature search, study selection and assessment, data collection, and analysis were undertaken by two reviewers according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs comparing IRI versus OXA, in combination with 5-FU/LV in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer were performed. Seven studies involving 2,107 patients met the inclusion criteria. The OXA + 5-FU/LV regimen showed a significant increase in survival by lower hazard ratios (HR) [HR 1.28; 95% CI (1.13-1.45)] and was associated with lower toxicities. The OXA + 5-FU/LV regimen was superior or equal to the IRI + 5-FU/LV regimen in prolonging time to progression and median survival. The IRI + 5-FU/LV regimen resulted in higher hazard ratios in nausea vomiting/emesis and diarrhea [HR 1.99, 95% CI (1.19-3.31); HR 1.83, 95% CI (1.38-2.44)] and lower hazard ratios in paresthesia, sensory neuropathy, and thrombocytopenia [HR 0.09, 95% CI (0.03-0.23); HR 0.04 95% CI (0.01-0.13); HR 0.19 95% CI (0.05-0.64)] than the OXA + 5-FU/LV regimen. Compared with IRI, OXA is more appropriate for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer when combined with 5-FU/LV. OXA + 5-FU/LV should be considered as the first-line standard of care for advanced CRC patients.
CPT-11-containing combination chemotherapy is advantageous over non CPT-11 -containing combination chemotherapy for TTF with no significant toxicity. CPT-11-containing combination chemotherapy can be used in treatment of advanced gastric cancer.
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