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SummaryAdaptation of honey bees to their environment is expressed by the annual development pattern of the colony, the balance with food sources and the host -parasite balance, all of which interact among each other with changes in the environment. In the present study, we analyse the development patterns over a period of two years in colonies belonging to 16 different genotypes and placed in areas grouped within six environmental clusters across Europe. The colonies were maintained with no chemical treatment against varroa mites. The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of genotype -environment interactions and their effects on colony development, which we use in this study as a measure of their vitality. We found that colonies placed in Southern Europe tend to have lower adult bee populations compared to colonies placed in colder conditions, while the brood population tends to be smaller in the North, thus reflecting the shorter longevity of bees in warmer climates and the shorter brood rearing period in the North. We found that both genotype and environment significantly affect colony development, and that specific adaptations exist, especially in terms of adult bee population and overwintering ability. 234Hatjina and Costa et al.

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M a r c o L o d e s a n i 1 , M a r i n a Meixner 2 , B e a t a P a n a s i u k 4 , H e r m a n n P e c h h a c k e r 1 7 * , P l a m e n P e t r o v 1 8 * , E u g e n i a O l i v e r i 1 9 , L a u r i R u o t t i n e n 1 5 , A l e k s a n d a r U z u n o v 1 3 * , . m. carnica, A. m. ligustica, A. m. macedonica, A. m. mellifera, A. m. siciliana. At each location, the local strain of bees was tested together with at least two "foreign" origins, with a minimum starting number of 10 colonies per origin. The common test protocol for all the colonies took into account colony survival, bee population in spring, summer and autumn, honey production, pollen collection, swarming, gentleness, hygienic behaviour, Varroa destructor infestation, Nosema spp. infection and viruses. Data collection was performed according to uniform methods. No chemical treatments against Varroa or other diseases were applied during the experiment. This article describes the details of the experiment set-up and the work protocol. G i a c o m o V a c c a r i