The outbreak of Monkeypox virus infection urgently need effective vaccines. However, the vaccines so far approved are all based on whole-virus, which raises safety concerns. MRNA vaccines has demonstrated its high efficacy and safety against SARS-Cov-2 infection. Here, we developed three mRNA vaccines encoding Monkeypox proteins M1R and A35R, including A35R-M1R fusions (VGPox1 and VGPox 2) and a combination of encapsulated full-length mRNAs for A35R and M1R (VGPox 3). All three vaccines induced anti-A35R total IgGs as early as day 7 following a single vaccination. However, only VGPox 1 and 2 produced anti-M1R total IgGs at early dates following vaccination while VGPox 3 did not show significant anti-M1R antibody till day 35. Similar results were also found in neutralizing antibodies and T cell immune response. However, all mRNA vaccine groups completely protected mice from a lethal dose virus challenge and effectively cleared virus in lungs. Collectively, our results indicate that the novel mRNA vaccines coding for a fusion protein of A35R and M1R had a better anti-virus immunity than co-expression of the two individual proteins. The mRNA vaccines are highly effective and can be an alternative to the current whole-virus vaccines to defend Monkeypox virus infection.
Nucleic acid drugs can treat diseases caused by defective or abnormal genes. Herein, the mechanism of non‐viral vectors for nucleic acid drug delivery is described. This review introduce non‐viral vectors for nucleic acid drug delivery, including the nucleic acid‐carrier conjugate, proteins and peptides‐based nanoparticles, polysaccharides, and other biological macromolecules‐based nanoparticles consisting of lipid nanoparticles, synthetic polymers‐based nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles, and organic–inorganic hybrid nanoparticles. Finally, the challenges and prospects of non‐viral vectors for nucleic acid drug delivery are discussed.
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