As a noninvasive treatment, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising strategy against tumors. It is based on photosensitizer (PS)-induced phototoxicity after irradiation. However, most clinically approved PSs will be widely distributed in normal tissues, especially in the skin, where they will induce phototoxicity on exposure to light. Therefore, patients must remain in a dark room for up to several weeks during or after a PDT. Herein, we proposed a strategy of aggregation-induced emission PSs (AIE-PSs) entrapped in liposomes with controlled photosensitization. The AIE-PSs begin to lose their photosensitivity when entrapped in liposomes. After liposomes have carried AIE-PSs into tumor tissues, the AIE-PSs will be released and immediately reaggregate in a targeted area as the liposomes are decomposed. Their photosensitivity can be triggered at turn-on state and induce cytotoxicity. Two different types of AIE molecules were synthesized and entrapped by liposomes, respectively, to verify the PDT features against tumors in vitro and in vivo. The results indicate that, using this strategy, the photosensitivity of AIE-PS can be controlled and PDT can be treated under normal working conditions, not necessarily in a dark room.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) shows unique selectivity and irreversible destruction toward treated tissues or cells, but still has several problems in clinical practice. One is limited therapeutic efficiency, which is attributed to hypoxia in tumor sites. Another is the limited treatment depth because traditional photosensitizes are excited by short wavelength light (<700 nm). An assembled nano-complex system composed of oxygen donor, two-photon absorption (TPA) species, and photosensitizer (PS) was synthesized to address both problems. The photosensitizer is excited indirectly by two-photon laser through intraparticle FRET mechanism for improving treatment depth. The oxygen donor, hemoglobin, can supply extra oxygen into tumor location through targeting effect for enhanced PDT efficiency. The mechanism and PDT effect were verified through both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The simple system is promising to promote two-photon PDT for clinical applications.
Polydopamine nanoparticles were used to stabilize nano-Pt catalyst for relieving the tumour hypoxia in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Polydopamine not only provide a platform for carrying nano-Pt and photosensitizers but also...
BackgroundIn epidemic regions of the world, brucellosis is a reemerging zoonosis with minimal mortality but is a serious public hygiene problem. Currently, there are various methods for brucellosis diagnosis, however few of them are available to be used to diagnose, especially for serious cross-reaction with other bacteria.MethodTo overcome this disadvantage, we explored a novel multi-epitope recombinant protein as human brucellosis diagnostic antigen. We established an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on this recombinant protein. 248 sera obtained from three different groups including patients with brucellosis (146 samples), non-brucellosis patients (82 samples), and healthy individuals (20 samples) were tested by indirect ELISA. To evaluate the assay, a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis and immunoblotting were carried out using these characterized serum samples.ResultsFor this test, the area under the ROC curve was 0.9409 (95 % confidence interval, 0.9108 to 0.9709), and a sensitivity of 88.89 % and a specificity of 85.54 % was given with a cutoff value of 0.3865 from this ROC analysis. The Western blot results indicate that it is feasible to differentiate human brucellosis and non-brucellosis with the newly established method based on this recombinant protein.ConclusionOur results obtained high diagnostic accuracy of the ELISA assay which encourage the use of this novel recombinant protein as diagnostic antigen to implement serological diagnosis of brucellosis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1552-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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