Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), a common consequence of longstanding diabetes mellitus, is initiated by death of cardiomyocyte. Hyperglycemia-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction is a major contributor of the chronic low-grade inflammation that characterizes as the DCM. ROS may promote the activation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain like receptor (NLR) pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a novel regulator of inflammation and cell death, by nuclear factor-kB (NF-κB) and thioredoxin interacting/inhibiting protein (TXNIP). NLRP3 inflammasome regulates the death of cardiomyocyte and activation of fibroblast in DCM, which is involved in the structural and functional disorder of DCM. However, comprehensive understanding of molecular mechanisms linking NLRP3 inflammasome and disorder of cardiomyocyte and fibroblast in DCM is lacking. Here, we review the molecular mechanism(s) of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in response to hyperglycemia in DCM.
Background
Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are responsible for the pathogenesis of AF, but their relationship with the sizes of the LA and PVs in AF patients remains unclear.
Hypothesis
Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are associated with the sizes of the LA and PVs in AF patients.
Methods
82 AF patients were compared to 30 control patients by using a case‐control study design. Oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers and the sizes of the LA and PVs were detected.
Results
(1) Hs‐CRP, IL‐6, IL‐8, TNF‐α, MDA and ox‐LDL were higher, and SOD was lower in AF patients than in control patients. Hs‐CRP, MDA and ox‐LDL were higher in permanent AF patients than in paroxysmal and persistent AF patients. (2) CsA of LSPV, RSPV, RIPV, LAA and LAV were statistically higher in AF patients than in control patients. CsA of RSPV, LSPV, LIPV and LAV were higher in permanent AF patients than in paroxysmal and persistent AF patients. (3) In the AF group, hs‐CRP and TNF‐α were positively correlated with LAV; MDA was positively correlated with CsA of LAA, LSPV and LAV; SOD was passively correlated with CsA of LAA and LAV; ox‐LDL was positively correlated with CsA of LAA and LAV. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed hs‐CRP, ox‐LDL, RSPV CsA, LIPV CsA and LAV were associated with AF.
Conclusions
Oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers and the sizes of the LA and PVs were significantly increased in AF patients. Hs‐CRP, ox‐LDL, RSPV CsA, LIPV CsA and LAV were associated with AF persistence.
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