This study was the first, as per our knowledge, to perform risk stratification for esophagectomy using a Japanese nationwide database. The 30-day and operative mortality rates were relatively lower than those in previous reports. The risk models developed in this study may contribute toward improvements in quality control of procedures and creation of a novel scoring system.

We conducted the reported risk stratification study for PD using a nationwide surgical database. PD outcomes in the national population were satisfactory, and the risk model could help improve surgical practice quality.

The risk model developed using nationwide Japanese data on distal gastrectomy in gastric cancer can predict surgical outcomes.

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We performed the first reported risk stratification study for right hemicolectomy based on a nationwide internet-based database. The outcomes of right hemicolectomy in the nationwide population were satisfactory. The risk models developed in this study will help to improve the quality of surgical practice.