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Launched in 2014, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission aimed at ensuring the continuity with the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) launched in 1997 that has provided unprecedented accuracy in Satellite Precipitation Estimates (SPEs) on the near-global scale. Since then, various SPE versions have been successively made available from the GPM mission. The present study assesses the potential benefits of the successive GPM based SPEs product versions that include the Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) version 3 to 5 (-v03, -v04, -v05) and the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) version 6 to 7 (-v06, -v07). Additionally, the most effective TRMM based SPEs products are also considered to provide a first insight into the GPM effectiveness in ensuring TRMM continuity. The analysis is conducted over different geomorphic and meteorological regions of Pakistan while using 88 precipitations gauges as the reference. Results show a clear enhancement in precipitation estimates that were derived from the very last IMERG-v05 in comparison to its two previous versions IMERG-v03 and -v04. Interestingly, based on the considered statistical metrics, IMERG-v03 provides more consistent precipitation estimate than IMERG-v04, which should be considered as a transition IMERG version. As expected, GSMaP-v07 precipitation estimates are more accurate than the previous GSMaP-v06. However, the enhancement from the old to the new version is very low. More generally, the transition from TRMM to GPM is successful with an overall better performance of GPM based SPEs than TRMM ones. Finally, all of the considered SPEs have presented a strong spatial variability in terms of accuracy with none of them outperforming the others, for all of the gauges locations over the considered regions. to ensure the continuity of the TRMM mission. From the GPM mission, two new SPEs were made available: the Integrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) [14] and a new version of GSMaP product. Available at a 0.1 • and half-hourly and hourly temporal scales, respectively, they offer the opportunity of capturing finer local precipitation variations in space and time [15]. Due to their recent release, few studies report on GPM based SPEs.A first attempt was made by, [16] while comparing IMERG to its predecessor TMPA at the monthly timescale. The study highlighted the differences in both precipitation datasets, which vary according to surfaces and precipitations rates. Since then, numerous studies were dedicated to provide more insights into this discrepancy and highlighted the potential IMERG benefits over its predecessor TMPA at a more local scale. For example, in India, IMERG was found more accurate in the estimation of mean monsoon precipitation than TMPA [17]. In China, IMERG precipitation estimates were compared with the gauges observation at the national level considering daily [18] and monthly temporal scales [19], and a local level study reported on IMERG precipitation estimates over the Chinese Bei...
Geophysical methods have a varying degree of potential for detailed characterization of landslides and their dynamics. In this study, the application of four well-established seismic-based geophysical techniques, namely Ambient Noise Interferometry (ANI), Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR), Multi-Channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and Nanoseismic Monitoring (NM), were considered to examine their suitability for landslide characterization and monitoring the effect of seasonal variation on slope mass. Furthermore, other methods such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and DC Resistivity through Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) were also used for comparison purpose. The advantages and limitations of these multiple techniques were exemplified by a case study conducted on Sobradinho landslide in Brazil. The study revealed that the geophysical characterization of the landslide using traditional techniques (i.e., GPR, ERT and MASW) were successful in (i) the differentiation between landslide debris and other Quaternary deposits, and (ii) the delineation of the landslide sliding surface. However, the innovative seismic based techniques, particularly ambient noise based (HVSR and ANI) and emitted seismic based (NM), were not very effective for the dynamic monitoring of landslide, which might be attributed to the short-time duration of the data acquisition campaigns. The HVSR was also unsuccessful in landslide site characterization i.e., identification of geometry and sliding surface. In particular, there was no clear evidence of the light seasonal variations, which could have been potentially detected from the physical parameters during the (short-time) ambient noise and microseismic acquisition campaigns. Nevertheless, the experienced integration of these geophysical techniques may provide a promising tool for future applications.
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