Calypogeia sphagnicola is one of nine species of the genus Calypogeia known in Europe. Occurrence of the species is closely connected with peat bogs. Nowadays, two forms of this species are distinguished-C. sphagnicola f. sphagnicola and C. sphagnicola f. paludosa. The results of the present study, based on two classes of markers-isozymes and sequences of chloroplast genom (trnH-psbA, rpoC1)-unanimously support the genetic differentiation within the taxon and show that the presentday forms represent genetically distinct species. Phylogenetic analysis resolved two lineages that correspond with the present-day forms with high bootstrap support, which differ in ploidy level: C. sphagnicola f. sphagnicola is haploid, whereas C. sphagnicola f. paludosa is a diploid form. Allopolyploid origin of the diploid form was revealed by the isozyme pattern. Nei's genetic distance between the two present-day forms of C. sphagnicola was 0.472. The forms in Poland have an allopatric pattern of geographic distribution: C. sphagnicola f. sphagnicola occurs exclusively in the lowlands of the northern part of the country on raised peat bogs, whereas C. sphagnicola f. paludosa is found only in the mountains of southern Poland, mainly in the subalpine zone, where it grows on Sphagnum-Polytrichum hummocks on the upper part of north-facing slopes. Plants regarded in this study as C. sphagnicola f. sphagnicola morphologically correspond to the syntype specimen of C. sphagnicola.
The distribution of Bazzania trilobata in Poland coincides with two parts of the natural distribution range of Norway spruce: the mountains of southern Poland and the northeastern lowlands. The occurrence of this species is connected with primeval forest communities and it was recognized as a relict of them. Genetic variation of 10 populations of B. trilobata from two different regions of Poland (lowlands and mountains) was studied in order to establish the genetic structure of this species and to compare the level of genetic variation within and among populations originating from primeval and managed forests. An analysis based on polymorphic inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) loci revealed a high level of total gene diversity in B. trilobata (H T 50.308). A higher amount of polymorphism was found among than within populations. Genetic variation of populations from the primary forest (Tatras and Białowieża National Park) was higher than for those originating from disturbed habitats. The Bayesian method showed consistent grouping of samples corresponding with populations, with the best grouping in 12 different clusters reflecting a geographic pattern. The geographic pattern of genetic differentiation was supported by a neighbour-joining (NJ) dendrogram based on genetic distances. All mountain populations were grouped together in one subcluster, but lowland populations were more differentiated and did not form one clear group.
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