We measured neutralizing antibodies (NABs) and the in vivo biologic response to interferon-beta on neopterin and beta(2)-microglobulin blood levels. All NAB-negative patients had an in vivo biologic response (full or partial), whereas all high-level positive patients had no response. High-level NAB patients had more MRI activity than NAB-negative patients (p = 0.031). Patients with a full response had less MRI activity than patients without biologic response (p = 0.032).

Background: Whole-brain N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a measure of neuronal function, can be assessed by multislice echo-planar spectroscopic imaging. Objective: To test the hypothesis that the global brain NAA/creatine (Cr) ratio is a better predictor of cognitive dysfunction in multiple sclerosis than conventional magnetic resonance imaging measures. Design: Survey. Setting: Research-oriented hospitals. Patients: Twenty patients, 16 women and 4 men (mean age, 36 years), with early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score, 2.5). Main Outcome Measures: Correlation between the global NAA/Cr ratio and a cognitive dysfunction factor comprising 16 measures from an extensive neuropsy-chological test battery that best distinguished patients with multiple sclerosis from healthy control subjects. Results: A significant partial correlation between the global NAA/Cr ratio and the cognitive dysfunction factor was found (partial r = 0.62, P = .01), and 9 cognitively impaired patients had significantly lower global NAA/Cr ratios than 11 unimpaired patients (P=.04). No significant correlations were found between the cognitive dysfunction factor and conventional magnetic resonance imaging measures (ie, brain parenchymal fraction and lesion volume). Conclusions: Multislice echo-planar spectroscopic imaging provides global metabolic measures that distinguish between cognitively impaired and unimpaired patients with multiple sclerosis and correlate with a global cognitive measure. Standardization of the technique is needed, and largerscale studies that include healthy controls are suggested.

MR spectroscopy (MRS) provides information about neuronal loss or dysfunction by measuring decreases in N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a metabolite widely believed to be a marker of neuronal viability. In multiple sclerosis (MS), whole-brain NAA (WBNAA) has been suggested as a marker of disease progression and treatment efficacy in treatment trials, and the ability to measure NAA loss in specific brain regions early in the evolution of this disease may have prognostic value. Most spectroscopic studies to date have been limited to single voxels or nonlocalized measurements of WBNAA only, and longitudinal studies have often been hampered by standardization and reproducibility problems. Multi-slice echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) is presented as a promising alternative to singlevoxel or nonlocalized spectroscopy for obtaining global metabolite estimates in MS. In the same session, measurements of metabolites in specific brain areas chosen after image acquisition (e.g., normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), gray matter (GM), and lesions) can be obtained. MR spectroscopy (MRS) provides information about neuronal loss or dysfunction by measuring N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a metabolite found in the mature brain, only in neurons (1). In multiple sclerosis (MS), NAA reductions have been shown in lesions (2), normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) (3), cortical gray matter (GM) (4), and the whole brain (5). NAA in NAWM can be abnormally low in the early stages of MS, even before significant clinical disability is evident (6) and before the final diagnosis is made (7), but early NAA decreases are not always seen (8).WBNAA reductions have also been demonstrated very early in the evolution of the disease, in patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of MS (9); however, no longitudinal data exist to describe the evolution of WBNAA in MS patients.NAA loss in MS lesions correlates with clinical disability (10), and correlations between changes in regional NAA/creatine (Cr) ratios and changes in the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) over time have been shown in a study of large, central single voxels (11). WBNAA was found to be lower in MS patients compared to healthy volunteers, especially with increasing age (5), but no correlation was found between WBNAA and clinical disability measured by EDSS in a recent study (12). This could be due to limitations in the EDSS score rather than to a lack of correlation between WBNAA and the true clinical status of the patients. EDSS is heavily weighted toward motor dysfunction, and this scale does not fully account for fatigue or cognitive functions. WBNAA is still thought to be a marker of global neuronal cell disease, and has been suggested as a marker of disease progression and treatment efficacy in MS. However, longitudinal studies are needed before we can determine the true value of this measure and evaluate the prognostic value of measuring metabolite changes in specific areas, such as lesions, NAWM, or GM early in the evolution of this disease.Most MRS studies of ...

Background and purpose Real‐world evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of ocrelizumab for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) is limited. The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ocrelizumab treatment for MS in a real‐world setting. Methods A nationwide population‐based cohort study was conducted where clinical and magnetic resonance imaging data of MS patients enrolled prospectively in the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry who initiated ocrelizumab treatment between January 2018 and November 2020 were analyzed. Results A total of 1104 patients (85.7% relapsing–remitting MS [RRMS], 8.8% secondary progressive MS [SPMS], 5.5% primary progressive MS [PPMS]) were included, with a median follow‐up period of 1.3 years. At baseline, the mean age was 41.4 years in the RRMS group, 44.5 years in the PPMS group and 50.3 years in the SPMS group. Median Expanded Disability Status Scale score was 2.5, 3.5 and 5.5, respectively. Most RRMS and SPMS patients had received previous disease‐modifying therapies (87.5% and 91.8%, respectively), whereas PPMS patients were mostly treatment naïve (78.7%). After ocrelizumab initiation, 9.3% of the patients experienced a relapse and 8.7% a 24 weeks confirmed disability worsening. Conversely, 16.7% showed a 24 weeks confirmed disability improvement. After ~1 year of treatment, most patients (94.5%) were free of magnetic resonance imaging activity. Ocrelizumab was generally well tolerated, as side effects were only reported for 10% of patients, mostly consisting of infusion‐related reactions and infections. Conclusions It is shown that most MS patients treated with ocrelizumab are clinically stabilized and with an adverse event profile consistent with the experience from the pivotal clinical trials.