Introduction: Burns of the hand have devastating consequences not only for the functional outcome but also for the esthetic appearance. Post burn functional disabilities of the upper extremity are better prevented than treated. Aim: this study aimed to evaluate the effect of physiotherapy protocol on upper limbs' function post burn. Design: A quasi-experimental (time series) design submitted to meet the aim of the study. Subjects: A purposive sample of 27 male and female adult patients with 2 nd degree burn in hand assigned in the current study which was carried out in Burn Department and its outpatient clinic of General hospital at Minia city. Tools: Four tools were utilized to collect data of this study; demographic questionnaire, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Scale (DASH), Manual Muscle testing, and Vancouver Scar Assessment Scale (VSS). Results: Twenty seven adult 2 nd degree burned patients with mean age 36.0 ± 11.22 are included in the study. Gradual improvement of the upper limbs' function measured through DASH scale was observed after application of physiotherapy protocol, this appear through significant decrease in complain from severe dysfunction among 25.9% after 2 months to 0% after 6 months; significant increase in muscle force (22.2%, 59.3%) and prominent improvement of burn scar measured by VSS. Conclusions: The data suggest that the upper limbs' function post burns can be improved by preventive nursing interventions including early range of motion, anti-contracture positioning and splinting of hand which has positive effects on burn scar. Recommendations: regular training programs to keep nurses in burn units updated with the evidence-based practices and array interventions for reducing burn scar and improving limbs' function and therefore patients' productivity.

Ninety random samples of fresh and frozen each of Tilapia niloticus, Mugil cephalus and Shrimp (15 of each) were collected from different fish markets at Qaliuobia Governorate. All collected samples were bacteriologically examined for determination of Aerobic Plate Count (APC), psychrotrophic count, Isolation and Identification of pseudomonas and Aeromonas species. The bacteriological examination revealed the mean values of APC in the examined fish samples was 1.52×10 6 ± 0.47×10 6 and 3.08×10 5 ± 1.31×10 5 in fresh and frozen Tilapia niloticus, 7.14×10 5 ± 1.84×10 5 and 2.59×10 5 ± 0.62×10 5 in fresh and frozen Mugil cephalus and 7.81×10 4 ± 2.07×10 4 and 1.36×10 4 ± 0.42×10 4 /g, in fresh and frozen shrimp . The mean values of psychrotrophic count in fresh and frozen Tilapia niloticus were 2.67×10 5 ± 0.45×10 5 and 5.36×10 5 ± 1.24×10 5 cfu/g, respectively. 4.91×10 4 ± 0.93×10 5 and 1.72×10 5 ± 0.46×10 5 / gm respectively in fresh and frozen Mugil cephalus. 7.81×10 4 ± 2.07×10 4 and 6.51×10 4 ± 1.80×10 4 /g, in fresh and frozen shrimp. The incidence of Pseudomonas species was 33.3% and 53.3%in the examined samples of fresh and frozen Tilapia niloticus, 46.7% and 60.0 %in fresh and frozen Mugil cephalu, respectively, 33.3 %and 40.0 %in fresh and frozen shrimp, respectively. The incidence of Aeromonas species were 46.7 %and 33.3 %in the examined samples of fresh and frozen Tilapia niloticus, 53.3 % and 40.0% in fresh and frozen Mugil cephalus, respectively, 33.3 % and 40.0 %in fresh and frozen shrimp, respectively.

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Background and objective: Low back pain (LBP) is a serious medical problem and considered as the most common leading causes of disability. Aim of the study: To measure the relation between body mechanics performance and nurses’ exposure of work place risk factors on the low back pain prevalence.Methods: Subject and method: Correlation design was used. A convenient sample of one hundred (n = 100) nurses both male and female working in Minia university hospital were approached to participate. Setting: The current study was performed at Minia university Hospital in Intensive Care Unit, Coronary Care Unit, Medical Care Unit, Stroke Care Unit, operation room and surgical department.Results: The majority of nurses don’t use body mechanics when turning, moving, lifting, and transferring the patients and 88% of them had pain in lumber region.Conclusions and recommendation: The nurses’ working in Minia university hospital suffering from high prevalence of LBP. The LBP complication is mainly related to exposure to many risk factors such as obesity, lack of knowledge and practice regard to body mechanics. Educational programs among nurses about body mechanics when handling and lifting the patient have important role in decrease exposure to LBP.

Background: Acute skin toxicity is one of the most common side effects of breast cancer radiotherapy and these adverse events often negatively affect patient's self-esteem and willingness to continue the treatment. Aim of the study: assess the breast cancer patient's knowledge in relation to skin care during radiotherapy before the implementation of educational protocol and examine the effect of educational protocol on breast cancer patients' knowledge in relation to reducing skin reaction and improving self-esteem after the implementation of educational protocol. Subject and method: Quasi-experimental research design was utilized to achieve the aim of the study. Subject: A purposeful sample including (40) female adult patients were included in the current study. Setting: This study was carried out at oncology center in Minia city. Tools of data collection: Two scales were standardized and two tools were utilized to collect data: 1-Bio socio-demographic characteristics and structured interview schedule; 2-Educational proshour for instructions to reduce radiotherapy skin toxicity; 3-Common Toxicity Criteria-; 4-Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Results: There were highly statistically significant differences among both study and control groups regarding their self-esteem and skin toxicity after educational protocol, there were a highest strong negative statistical significant correlation was found between skin toxicity and both knowledge and self-esteem scales among the study and the control group. Conclusion: the educational protocol reduced skin toxicity of radiotherapy in the study group and improves their self-esteem than control group. Recommendations: Based on the research findings the patients' health education about care radiation target area for breast cancer had a positive effect on patients' skin toxicity degree, design and implement an in-service training program for nursing staff about protocol that minimize radiotherapy skin toxicity.