Malignant breast tissue contains a rare population of multi-potent cells with the capacity to self-renew; these cells are known as cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells. Primitive mammary CSCs/progenitor cells can be propagated in culture as floating spherical colonies termed ‘mammospheres'. We show here that the expression of the autophagy protein Beclin 1 is higher in mammospheres established from human breast cancers or breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and BT474) than in the parental adherent cells. As a result, autophagic flux is more robust in mammospheres. We observed that basal and starvation-induced autophagy flux is also higher in aldehyde dehydrogenase 1-positive (ALDH1+) population derived from mammospheres than in the bulk population. Beclin 1 is critical for CSC maintenance and tumor development in nude mice, whereas its expression limits the development of tumors not enriched with breast CSCs/progenitor cells. We found that decreased survival in autophagy-deficient cells (MCF-7 Atg7 knockdown cells) during detachment does not contribute to an ultimate deficiency in mammosphere formation. This study demonstrates that a prosurvival autophagic pathway is critical for CSC maintenance, and that Beclin 1 plays a dual role in tumor development.
IntroductionCD5 is a lymphoid marker-one of the earliest acquired during T-cell ontogeny. Its expression increases coordinately with that of cell surface CD3. 1 Although expressed on lymphoid-committed progenitors, its expression is lost following natural killer (NK) cell differentiation. 2 In contrast to its being a pan-T-cell marker, CD5 is only expressed on some B cells. Based on its coexpression with CD11b, immunogloublin M (IgMϩ) B cells in mouse and human are classically separated into different subsets, termed B-1a and B-1b, each of which expresses CD11b and B-2. 3 The B-1a subset expresses CD5, and at a functional level these CD5 ϩ B cells frequently produce polyreactive antibodies, mainly IgM, that recognize a variety of self-antigens and foreign antigens. 4 The reason for the expression of CD5 on a particular B-cell subsetsomething Wortis and Berland 5 call "one of many intriguing and seemingly idiosyncratic features of B-1a cells"-has remained obscure. Two hypotheses are proposed to explain the origin of B-1 cells. The lineage hypothesis holds that only certain fetal progenitors are destined to become B-1 cells. 6,7 In contrast, the differentiation hypothesis holds that every B cell is able to acquire B-1 cell characteristics. In brief, the notion of B-cell lineage based on differential CD5 expression is controversial because of the lack of clear identification of a fetal progenitor destined to become a B-1 B cell and the demonstration that CD5 Ϫ cells can acquire CD5 expression in vivo 8 or in vitro 9 after B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation This up-regulation supports the initial view that CD5 is an activation marker 10 ; however, a definitive function for this antigen remains to be established.It has been shown that CD5 up-regulation in B cells plays a role in tolerance to autoantigens. By setting the threshold level for activation signals, CD5 prevents B cells from activation-induced cell death and maintains tolerance in anergic B cells in vivo. 11 The reason for keeping potentially autoreactive cells alive is that these cells are also necessary for an effective immune response to some pathogens. 12 This supported the role of CD5 as a negative regulator of BCR signaling, which was later demonstrated by the generation of CD5-null mice. 13 In these animals, peritoneal B cells, which are poorly responsive to BCR stimulation, restored their capacity to fully proliferate to anti-IgM. 13 The molecular basis for BCR inhibition by CD5 has been extensively investigated. The physical association of CD5 to the BCR was demonstrated, 14 and our recent work further documented the structural basis of CD5 inhibition of BCR-mediated signals. Using a reconstitution approach, in a murine lymphoma B cell line we showed that Ca 2ϩ response, extracellular signal-related kinase-2 (ERK-2) activation, and the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) induced by BCR activation were antagonized by CD5. 15 The role of the src autophosphorylationlike motif within the cytoplasmic domain was demonstrated. 16 Of interest, this domain is...
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells with aggressive clinical properties express lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which generates activating ligands for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)α and allows fatty acids to be used as fuel. However, the role of PPARα in CLL is unclear. PPARα was found to be expressed by circulating CLL cells and highly associated with advanced stage disease. Consistent with this observation, palmitate oxidation rates in circulating CLL cells were similar to more conventional fat-burning cells such as muscle. Transgenic expression of PPARα in CD5(+) Daudi cells increased both their expression of immunosuppressive factors (that is, interleukin (IL)10 and phospho-STAT3) and resistance to metabolic and cytotoxic stressors. In contrast, marked downregulation of PPARα expression accompanied immunogenic death of proliferating CLL cells. The PPARα antagonist MK886 killed circulating CLL cells directly, caused proliferating CLL cells to enter an immunogenic death pathway and cleared CLL xenografts from immunodeficient mice. These results suggest that PPARα is a biological mediator of CLL and MK886 is a clinically relevant agent with activity against CLL.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.