Objective This study aimed to explore patients' experiences of their involvement in the design and delivery of interprofessional education interventions focussing on mental ill‐health for students studying in undergraduate healthcare and healthcare‐related programmes. Design A qualitative methodology using a Grounded Theory approach was used to undertake an iterative series of focus groups with members of a university's Patient, Carer and Public Involvement (PCPI) Group who have a history of mental ill‐health and were involved in the development and delivery of educational interventions for students on undergraduate healthcare and healthcare‐related programmes. Their experiences of being involved in teaching and learning activities, collaboration with academic staff and integration into the academic faculty were explored. Constant comparative analysis facilitated the identification and prioritisation of salient themes. Results Five salient inter‐related themes emerged from the data: (1) reduced stigma and normalisation of experience of illness; (2) enhanced self‐worth; (3) improved well‐being; (4) community and connection; and (5) enduring benefits. Conclusions A supportive university community and a designated academic PCPI co‐ordinator facilitate a supportive environment for patients and carers to develop as educators, contribute to the training of future healthcare professionals and improve their own personal well‐being. Appropriately resourced and well‐supported initiatives to integrate patients, carers and the public into the functions of an academic faculty can result in tangible benefits to individuals and facilitate meaningful and enduring connections between the university and the wider community within which it is situated. Patient and Public Involvement Patients have been involved in the design of the teaching and learning initiatives that this study was primarily focused on. Patients were given autonomy in determining how their experiences should be incorporated into teaching and learning experiences.
Women are more likely than men to experience acts of aggression as expressive (a loss of self-control) than as instrumental (control over others). We propose that this might arise from differences in behavioural restraint. If women have better inhibitory control, aggressive behaviour should occur less frequently yet should be experienced as more emotionally 'out of control' because women can tolerate higher levels of anger before inhibitory control is breached. Participants (N = 606) aged 13-24 completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) and Expagg. A more expressive view of aggression was associated with higher levels of STAXI anger control and higher levels of MPQ constraint. However, it was the harm avoidance component of constraint, rather than control versus impulsivity, that was the stronger predictor. While behavioural inhibition is built on an infrastructure of fear, the latter may be more important in explaining gender differences in social representations of aggression.
The sexuality labels of "mostly straight" and "mostly gay" are used by men to understand their nonexclusive sexualities, yet the value of these labels in understanding women's sexuality has not been investigated. The current qualitative study addresses this issue by examining how women with nonexclusive sexualities view the term "mostly" to understand their sexual desires and identities and explores their experiences as women with nonexclusive sexualities. Participants were 30 cis-gendered women who indicated having gender nonexclusive desires yet did not identify as bisexual. Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants reported mostly lesbian and mostly straight identities as meaningfully different to bisexual identities, citing sexual, romantic, and intellectual reasons as rationales for their nonexclusive orientations. Participants viewed "mostly" as more indicative of sexuality as a fluid construct, serving to deemphasize sexual identity labels. Participants' narratives support the notion that sexual identity labels "mostly lesbian" and "mostly straight" are useful to understand nonexclusive sexual desires and provides support for sexuality understood as a continuum interpreted through multiple overlapping categories. Implications for the understanding of women's sexuality as fluid and flexible and how this relates more broadly to their identity are considered. Public Significance StatementThe study uses the experiences of women who identify as sexually nonexclusive to provide support for the sexuality labels of "mostly straight" and "mostly lesbian." Participants highlight complex rationales behind identifying as sexually nonexclusive, describe how identifying as sexually nonexclusive differs from bisexuality and provide support for the sexuality label of mostly. The study provides support for sexual fluidity and for sexuality understood as a continuum with multiple overlapping categories.
Much research has examined how men's mating strategies change over the development of a relationship consistent with predictions from Life History Theory. Specifically, research shows both physiological and behavioural indicators of mating effort decrease once men are mated, and further once they become fathers, unless they remain engaged in mating effort. This switch from mating to parenting effort is sexually selected, and therefore the corresponding shifts in women should be examined, though to date, women's shortor long-term mate preferences have been studied as separate entities rather than as a transition from short-to long-term. We examined how women's mate preferences changed over the development of a relationship, to see if they varied consistently with what is known about variation in men's mating effort. Vignettes detailed four key milestones in the development of a relationship and women rated the importance of the man at each stage displaying indicators of mating or parenting effort. Women increasingly prioritised indicators of parenting effort in men as the relationship developed, consistent with what is known about men's reduction in mating effort in favour of parenting effort over the development of a relationship. The results support predictions from Life History Theory and highlight the interacting mutually reinforcing nature of sexually selected behaviours.
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