Sustainable development of food production depends on damping the environmental impacts of agricultural production. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental performance of rice production in single crop and ratooning (main rice + ratoon crop) agro-systems through life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology in Guilan province, Northern Iran, in 2015. The flooding irrigation regime was the dominant irrigation method for single cropping system and main crop rising in ratooning agro-system. The data were gathered through a face to face interview with 215 single crop and 115 ratoon breeder paddy farmers. The environmental risks were determined in six impact categories including global warming, terrestrial eutrophication, acidification, and depletion of fossil fuels, phosphate, and potash resources. The functional unit (FU) was set as 100 kg protein. Results indicated that the CO, NO, and CH emissions of the rice ratooning agro-system (661.44, 1.96, and 5.42 kg 100 kg protein) were less than the corresponding values in the rice single cropping agro-system (1341.63, 2.88, and 9.20 kg 100 kg protein, respectively). Among all the environmental impact categories, the terrestrial eutrophication had the widest negative environmental effect followed by depletion of phosphate resources in single cropping agro-system with weighted indices of 0.51 and 0.41, respectively. Moreover, the terrestrial eutrophication had the largest negative environmental effect followed by acidification in rice ratooning agro-system with weighted indices of 0.48 and 0.29, respectively. Overall, the results highlighted that the rice ratooning ago-system is more environmentally beneficial than the single cropping system, particularly in terms of depletion of fossil fuels, global warming, and depletion of phosphate and potash resources categories. This priority may be improved through adopting proper management of agronomic practices for main and ratoon rice in ratooning agro-system. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
Volumen 33, Nº 4. Páginas 15-21 IDESIA (Chile) Septiembre-Noviembre, 2015 Effects of phosphorus fertilization and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain on the growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)
ABSTRACTA field experiment was conducted in Lihijan, Iran in 2013 to evaluate the effect of phosphorus fertilization (P) and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain on the growth and yield of the faba bean. The experiment used a randomized complete block design with a factorial treatment arrangement and three replicates. The experimental factors were phosphorus application (0 and 25 kg ha -1 ) and P. fluorescens strains (non-inoculated, strain 136, and strain 168). ANOVA showed a significant interaction effect of P and P. fluorescens strain on plant height, pod number per plant, 100 grain weight, pod length, and pod and grain yield. ANOVA also showed that grain number per pod was significantly affected by P application and P. fluorescens strain, while haulm yield was significantly affected only by P. fluorescens strain. In the absence of P, the grain yield of inoculated plants was not significantly different from that of non-inoculated plants. In the presence of P (25 kg ha -1 ), strain 168 showed an increase in grain yield of 42% and 65% over strain 136 and non-inoculated plants, respectively. The results indicated that application of phosphorus (25 kg ha -1 ) and seed inoculation with P. fluorescens strain 168 can be recommended to increase grain/pod yield significantly.
Field experiment was conducted at Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Golestan Province, Iran, to determine the effects of tillage system and weed management regime on yield and weed populations in soybean (Glycin max L.). The experimental design was a split plot where the whole plot portion was a randomized complete block with three replicates. Main plots were tillage system: 1-Notill row crop seeding, 2-No-till seed drilling, 3-Tillage with disc harrow and drill planting, 4-Tillage with chisel packer and drill planting. The subplots were weed management regimes: 1-Weed control with herbicide application, 2-Hand weeding, 3-Herbicide application plus hand weeding, and 4-Non-weeding. Results indicated that the main effects of tillage system and weed management regime were signifi cant for seed yield, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, weed density and biomass, while their interaction were signifi cant only for weed density, weed biomass, and seed number per pod. The highest grain yields (3838 kg ha ).
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