A nutrição mineral é importante para o desenvolvimento da estrutura interna das folhas do cafeeiro, podendo favorecer as características fisiológicas necessárias para otimizar o desenvolvimento e a produtividade da cultura. Objetivou-se identificar as possíveis modificações na anatomia, fisiologia e produtividade em cafeeiros irrigados em diferentes níveis de adubação aplicados em três anos consecutivos, a partir do segundo ano após a implantação da lavoura. A lavoura de Coffea arabica cultivar Topázio MG-1190 foi formada seguindo a recomendação padrão de Guimarães et al. (1999) para adubação em função de análise do solo, até o primeiro ano após implantação (2010-2011). A partir daí, no segundo ano após a implantação (2011-2012), os níveis de adubação utilizados foram: 40, 70, 100, 130 e 160% da adubação padrão. Repetiram-se os tratamentos nos anos de 2012-2013 e 2013-2014. As plantas foram avaliadas quanto às trocas gasosas e anatomia foliar em agosto de 2014. Também foi avaliada a produtividade dos anos de 2013 e 2014. Os diferentes níveis de adubação NPK provocaram diferenças na anatomia foliar do cafeeiro. A produtividade e trocas gasosas do cafeeiro não foram afetadas pelos diferentes níveis de adubação NPK.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the genetic divergence of coffee genotypes resistant to rust, of the Germplasm Bank from Minas Gerais, based on anatomical features. A total of 12 foliar anatomical characteristics were assessed, and Mahalanobis distance was used to quantify the genetic divergence between genotypes. The Tocher method and the hierarchical method of UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method Using Arithmetic Averages) were used as group strategy. Moreover, relative contribution analyses of the variables were made. There was genetic variability between genotypes, and the analysis of Tocher and UPGMA grouping separated the genotypes into five and seven distinct groups, respectively. The MG 0582 genotype stood out as the most divergent based on the evaluated anatomical features. There is great genetic variability for the characteristics of foliar anatomy among the 15 genotypes evaluated, allowing to select superior genotypes based on these characteristics.
The identification of morphophysiological traits responsible for a better plant behavior when infected is useful for cultivar selection, and become crucial for breeding. We investigated the morphophysiological behavior of coffee genotypes before and after inoculation with the pathogen Hemileia vastatrix, causal agent of coffee rust. With multivariate techniques we identified the characteristics that most contribute to total genetic divergence of the genotypes. Ten genotypes of Coffea arabica from the Germplasm Bank of Coffee from Minas Gerais were sown in a nursery and then take to a greenhouse with controlled temperature and humidity. After one month of acclimatization, the artificial inoculation with the fungus H. vastatrix was carried out. The anatomical and physiological evaluations were performed 1 day before inoculation and 160 days after inoculation. When the first symptom emerged, plants were evaluated according to a descriptive scale for coffee rust. We observed significant differences in rust severity and ostiole opening between genotypes. Different groups were formed by the K-means method, based on morphophysiological characteristics. This shows that genetic variability exists between the coffee genotypes evaluated before and after inoculation with the pathogen. The most important characteristics that contributed to the total genetic divergence were xylem vessel diameter and stomatal conductance. In conclusion, inoculation with H. vastatrix caused a change in coffee genotypes based on morphophysiological characteristics.
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