Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a widely used technique for assessing the risk of potential failure modes in designs, products, processes, system, and services. One of the main problems with FMEA is the need to address a variety of assessments given by FMEA team members and the sequence of the failure modes according to the degree of risk factors. Many different methods have been proposed to improve the traditional FMEA, which is impractical when the risk assessments given by multiple experts to one failure mode are imprecise, incomplete, or inconsistent. However, the existing methods cannot adequately handle these types of uncertainties. In this paper, a new risk priority model based on D numbers and technique for the order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) is proposed to evaluate the risk in FMEA. In the proposed model, the assessments given by the FMEA team members are represented by D numbers, where a new feasible and effective method can effectively represent the uncertain information. The TOPSIS method, a multicriteria decision‐making method is presented to rank the preference of failure modes with respect to risk factors. Finally, an application of the failure modes of the rotor blades of an aircraft turbine is provided to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.

The heterogeneous populations of exosomes with distinct nanosize have impeded our understanding of their corresponding function as intercellular communication agents. Profiling signaling proteins packaged in each size-dependent subtype can disclose this heterogeneity of exosomes. Herein, new strategy was developed for deconstructing heterogeneity of distinct-size urine exosome subpopulations by profiling N-glycoproteomics and phosphoproteomics simultaneously. Two-dimension size exclusion liquid chromatography (SEC) was utilized to isolate large exosomes (L-Exo), medium exosomes (M-Exo), and small exosomes (S-Exo) from human urine samples. Then, hydrophilic carbonyl-functionalized magnetic zirconium-organic framework (CFMZOF) was developed as probe for capturing the two kinds of post-translational modification (PTM) peptides simultaneously. Finally, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with database search was used to characterize PTM protein contents. We identified 144 glycoproteins and 44 phosphoproteins from L-Exo, 156 glycoproteins, and 46 phosphoproteins from M-Exo and 134 glycoproteins and 10 phosphoproteins from S-Exo. The ratio of the proteins with simultaneous glycosylation and phosphorylation is 11%, 9%, and 3% in L-Exo, M-Exo, and S-Exo, respectively. Based on label-free quantification intensity results, both principal component analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficients indicate that distinct-size exosome subpopulations exist significant differences in PTM protein contents. Analysis of high abundance PTM proteins in each exosome subset reveals that the preferentially packaged PTM proteins in L-Exo, M-Exo, and S-Exo are associated with immune response, biological metabolism, and molecule transport processes, respectively. Our PTM proteomics study based on size-dependent exosome subtypes opens a new avenue for deconstructing the heterogeneity of exosomes.

Many relations in the real world can be described by mathematical language. Fuzzy set theory can transform human language into mathematical language and use membership degree function to describe relations between events. Dempster–Shafer evidence theory provides basic probability assignment (BPA), which can describe the occurrence rate of attributes in basic events. Based on the known membership degree function and BPA distribution, a new evaluation method is proposed in this paper to analyze decision making. Given the relations among relevant events, which are expressed by BPA distribution and membership degree function, the relations among basic events and top event can be obtained. The Dempster's combination rule and pignistic probability transformation are used to transform BPA distribution into probability distribution. The belief measure is applied to deal with these fuzzy relations. Some numerical examples are given in this paper to illustrate the proposed evaluation methodology.

A Zr-based metal–organic framework (Zr-MOF) which has free carbonyl groups is synthesized successfully through mix-ligand strategy. Subsequently, Tb 3+ is encapsulated into a Zr-MOF by postcoordinated modification. The Tb 3+ @Zr-MOF exhibits the characteristic emission of Tb 3+ because of efficient sensitization through antenna effects. The Tb 3+ @Zr-MOF is further developed as a novel “turn-on” fluorescent probe to detect fluoride ions in aqueous solution. The results show that Tb 3+ @Zr-MOF exhibits excellent selectivity, high stability, low detection limits, and good anti-interference for sensitizing fluoride ions. In addition, the possible sensing mechanism that the induced luminescence properties may be attributed to Lewis acid–base interactions is discussed.