AbstractResearchers have shown that techniques such as microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction developed for extraction of valuable components from plants and seed materials have been successfully used to effectively reduce the major shortcomings of the traditional method such as Soxhlet extraction. These include shorter extraction time, increase in yield of extracted components, decrease in solvent consumption, and improvement of the quality of extracts. This review presents a detailed description of the principles and mechanisms of the various extraction techniques for better understanding and summarizes the potential of these techniques in the extraction of oil from plants and seed materials. Discussions on some of the parameters affecting the extraction efficiency are also highlighted, with special emphasis on supercritical fluid extraction. A comparison of the performance of traditional Soxhlet extraction with that of other extraction techniques is also presented.
Many construction and development activities today consume large amounts of concrete. The amount of construction waste is also increasing because of the demolition process. Much of this waste can be recycled to produce new products and increase the sustainability of construction projects. As recyclable construction wastes, concrete and ceramic can replace the natural aggregate in concrete because of their hard and strong physical properties. This research used 25%, 35%, and 45% recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and ceramic waste as coarse aggregate in producing concrete. Several tests, such as concrete cube compression and splitting tensile tests, were also performed to determine and compare the mechanical properties of the recycled concrete with those of the normal concrete that contains 100% natural aggregate. The concrete containing 35% RCA and 35% ceramic waste showed the best properties compared with the normal concrete.
Wastepaper sludge ash (WSA) is generated during the recycling of paper, which is an industrial by-product can induce pollution to the environment. Due to its effect related to pollution, a generic review on its application is required. Despite many researchers conducted in the world to resolve the application of WSA as a sustainable material, the effects of WSA as a cementitious material in its application is still limited assess. Hence, this paper presents a generic review on the effect of WSA as a cementitious material. The generic review on WSA in term of its physical properties, chemical properties, reactive properties and application of WSA in the industry was carried out. From the review on WSA properties, it is found that the WSA has good potential as one of the important materials in the construction industry especially in the production of concrete, brick, mortar, soil stabilizing additive, rigid pavement and controlled low-strength materials (CLSM).
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