Aims/hypothesis Dietary non-oil-seed pulses (chickpeas, beans, peas, lentils, etc.) are a good source of slowly digestible carbohydrate, fibre and vegetable protein and a valuable means of lowering the glycaemic-index (GI) of the diet. To assess the evidence that dietary pulses may benefit glycaemic control, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled experimental trials investigating the effect of pulses, alone or as part of low-GI or high-fibre diets, on markers of glycaemic control in people with and without diabetes. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library for relevant controlled trials of ≥7 days. Two independent reviewers (A. Esfahani and J. M. W. Wong) extracted information on study design, participants, treatments and outcomes. Data were pooled using the generic inverse variance method and expressed as standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed by χ 2 and quantified by I 2 . Meta-regression models identified independent predictors of effects. Results A total of 41 trials (39 reports) were included. Pulses alone (11 trials) lowered fasting blood glucose (FBG) (−0.82, 95% CI −1.36 to −0.27) and insulin (−0.49, 95%

OBJECTIVE -Because of blood lipid concerns, diabetes associations discourage fructose at high intakes. To quantify the effect of fructose on blood lipids in diabetes, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental clinical trials investigating the effect of isocaloric fructose exchange for carbohydrate on triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol in type 1 and 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library for relevant trials of Ն7 days. Data were pooled by the generic inverse variance method and expressed as standardized mean differences with 95% CI. Heterogeneity was assessed by 2 tests and quantified by I 2 . Meta-regression models identified dose threshold and independent predictors of effects.RESULTS -Sixteen trials (236 subjects) met the eligibility criteria. Isocaloric fructose exchange for carbohydrate raised triglycerides and lowered total cholesterol under specific conditions without affecting LDL cholesterol or HDL cholesterol. A triglyceride-raising effect without heterogeneity was seen only in type 2 diabetes when the reference carbohydrate was starch CONCLUSIONS -Pooled analyses demonstrated conditional triglyceride-raising and total cholesterol-lowering effects of isocaloric fructose exchange for carbohydrate in type 2 diabetes. Recommendations and large-scale future trials need to address the heterogeneity in the data.

architecture, diversity, and electrophysiology of the human brain at early stages. [7,8] Brain organoids thus provide a reliable and easily accessible platform to study human brain development and neurodevelopmental diseases, [9][10][11][12] bridging the gap between animal research and human clinical study.However, long-term stable recording of single-cell electrophysiology in developing brain organoids is still a challenge. The recording technology not only needs to form minimally invasive and long-term stable electrical interfaces with individual neurons 3D distributed across brain organoids but also needs to accommodate the rapid volume change occurring during the organoid organogenesis and cortical expansion. Optical imaging coupled with fluorescence dyes [13] or calcium indicators [14] has been used to visualize the neuron activities in 3D. They, however, are limited by temporal resolution, penetration depth, and long-term signal stability. Electrical measurement techniques such as 2D multielectrode arrays (MEA) [15,16] and patch-clamp [17,18] have been applied to measure the functional development of brain organoids, but they can only capture the activities from the bottom surface of brain organoids [1,19,20] or assay one cell at a time with cell membrane disruption. The recent development of 3D bioelectronics enables 3D interfaces with brain organoids. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] However, they either only contact organoids at the surface by flexible electronics, [21][22][23] where noncorrelated and 3D-distributed single-unit action potentials cannot be recorded, or penetrate organoids invasively by rigid probes, [25] which cannot further accommodate volume and morphological changes of brain organoids during development. It has also been shown that organoids can grow around a suspended array of electrodes, [26,27] but the electrodes cannot deform to adapt to the morphological changes of the organoid. To date, it is still a challenge to noninvasively probe neuron activity at single-cell, single-spike spatiotemporal resolution across the 3D volume of brain organoids, and over the time course of development. This constraint prevents further understanding of the functional development in brain organoids and standardizing culture conditions and protocols for brain organoid generation based on their electrical functions.Recently, we developed a cyborg organoid platform by integrating "tissue-like" stretchable mesh nanoelectronics with 2D stem cell sheets. Leveraging the 2D-to-3D reconfiguration Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived brain organoids have shown great potential for studies of human brain development and neurological disorders. However, quantifying the evolution of the electrical properties of brain organoids during development is currently limited by the measurement techniques, which cannot provide long-term stable 3D bioelectrical interfaces with developing brain organoids. Here, a cyborg brain organoid platform is reported, in which "tissue-like" stretchable mesh nanoelectronics are designed...