Crop rotation in fruit trees is an effective approach for addressing some of the problems of continuous cropping. To determine whether aged peach orchard soil is suitable for planting apple trees, we studied the effects of two substances abundant in aged peach orchard soil—amygdalin and benzoic acid—on the soil microbial community structure, soil enzyme activity, and the growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. Soils treated with amygdalin (T1), benzoic acid (T2), and a mixed solution of amygdalin and benzoic acid (T3) were used to plant M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings. Compared with fallow (control) soil, the soil microbial community structure, soil enzyme activities, and root protective enzyme activities, leaf chlorophyll content, and net photosynthetic rate decreased in the three treatments. The biomass and root index of M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings significantly decreased. Compared with T3, the plant height, ground diameter, fresh weight, dry weight, root length, root surface area, root volume, and root respiration rate of M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings in T2 in 2015 (2016 in parentheses) decreased by 19.3% (12.6%), 8.7% (7.1%), 21.2% (13.3%), 9.1% (19.6%), 7.9% (25.3%), 40.7% (28.8%), 46.2% (21.1%), and 44.2% (27.5%), respectively. Compared with T3, the same variables in T1 in 2015 (2016 in parentheses) decreased by 34.9% (16.7%), 27.6% (9.8%), 53.6% (19.4%), and 50% (20.5%), 24.1% (31.4%), 55.1% (37.6%), 63.2% (28.2%), and 47.0% (28.7%), respectively. Thus, the inhibitory effect of T3 was the strongest, followed by T2 and T1. In sum, amygdalin and benzoic acid are harmful substances in aged peach orchard soil that inhibit the growth of M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings.
Methyl bromide has been banned worldwide because it causes damage to the ozone layer and the environment. To nd a substitute for methyl bromide, the relationships among fumigation, plant growth, and the microbial community in replant soil require further study. We performed pot and eld experiments to investigate the effects of dazomet fumigation on soil properties and plant performance. Changes in soil microbial community structure and diversity were assessed using high-throughput sequencing, and plant physiological performance and soil physicochemical properties were also measured. Dazomet fumigation enhanced photosynthesis and promoted plant growth in replant soil; it altered soil physical and chemical properties and reduced soil enzyme activities, although these parameters gradually recovered over time. After dazomet fumigation, the dominant soil phyla changed, microbial diversity decreased signi cantly, the relative abundance of biocontrol bacteria such as Mortierella increased, and the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Fusarium decreased. Over the course of the experiment, the soil microbial ora changed dynamically, and soil enzyme activities and other physical and chemical properties also recovered to a certain extent. This result suggested that the effect of dazomet on soil microorganisms was temporary. However, fumigation also led to an increase in some resistant pathogens, such as Trichosporon, that affect soil function and health. Therefore, it is necessary to consider potential negative impacts of dazomet on the soil environment and to perform active environmental risk management in China. HighlightsFumigation of apple replant soil with dazomet renewed the soil microbial environment, improved soil physical and chemical properties, and dynamically restored soil ecological function.The activities of several soil enzymes and the relative abundance of bene cial microorganisms increased after dazomet fumigation. These changes were accompanied by higher rates of apple photosynthesis and growth.Fumigation reduced the content of pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium and increased the abundance of bene cial bacteria in the soil. However, it also increased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria such as Trichosporon, indicating that it is important to perform active environmental risk management.
The effects of different soil chemical amendments (T1, 1‰ quicklime + 1‰ superphosphate; T2, 1‰ quicklime; T3, 1‰ superphosphate) on the soil environment and growth of Malus hupehensis Rehd. seedlings in aged apple orchard soil were studied to provide new insight into the prevention and control of apple replant disease. The amendments differed in their ability to ameliorate the soil environment; nevertheless, they all promoted the growth of M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings, and the greatest enhancement of growth was observed in T1. On August 15, 2018, soil urease, sucrase, phosphatase, and catalase activities were 1.67 times, 1.32 times, 1.62 times, and 1.35 times higher in T1 compared with CK, respectively. The soil pH increased, which alleviated soil acidification. T1 also promoted the renewal of the community structure and the diversity of soil microorganisms. The copy numbers of Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum were 71.96 and 70.30% lower in T1 compared with CK, respectively. The seedling height and root length of M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings increased by 40.97 and 289.69% in T1 compared with CK, respectively. Therefore, soil replanting obstacles can be overcome with the application of quicklime and superphosphate; these soil chemical amendments also improve the soil microbial ecological environment and promote the growth of M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings.
Recently, the surface frustrated Lewis pairs (SFLP) have attracted more and more attention in the field of CO 2 hydrogenation. The main research studies have focused on a single construction of SFLP; however, the exploration of the synergy between SFLP and other excellent techniques has been barely reported. In this work, a common photocatalyst, TiO 2 , was chosen as the research object and amorphous TiO 2−x (OH) y and CuPt alloy were constructed on its surface to investigate the synergy between SFLP and the metal cocatalyst technique. The amorphous TiO 2−x (OH) y could form effective SFLP to increase CO 2 activation, and the CuPt alloy was beneficial for H 2 dissociation to boost the formation of protonated/hydridic H. The synergy resulted in CuPt/TiO 2−x (OH) y /TiO 2 exhibiting significantly increased activity for the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction compared to those of TiO 2−x (OH) y /TiO 2 , CuPt/ TiO 2 , and pristine TiO 2 . This work highlights an important research direction for the SFLP application in the field of CO 2 hydrogenation.
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