Objective: Update of the Hohenheim consensus on monosodium glutamate from 1997: Summary and evaluation of recent knowledge with respect to physiology and safety of monosodium glutamate. Design: Experts from a range of relevant disciplines received and considered a series of questions related to aspects of the topic. Setting: University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. Method: The experts met and discussed the questions and arrived at a consensus. Conclusion: Total intake of glutamate from food in European countries is generally stable and ranged from 5 to 12 g/day (free: ca. 1 g, protein-bound: ca. 10 g, added as flavor: ca. 0.4 g). L-Glutamate (GLU) from all sources is mainly used as energy fuel in enterocytes. A maximum intake of 16.000 mg/kg body weight is regarded as safe. The general use of glutamate salts (monosodium-L-glutamate and others) as food additive can, thus, be regarded as harmless for the whole population. Even in unphysiologically high doses GLU will not trespass into fetal circulation. Further research work should, however, be done concerning the effects of high doses of a bolus supply at presence of an impaired blood brain barrier function. In situations with decreased appetite (e.g., elderly persons) palatability can be improved by low dose use of monosodium-L-glutamate.

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C57BL/6 x 129/O1a HFE(o/o) mice mimic HH iron distribution and the regulation of intestinal iron absorption after long-term feeding. However, characteristic morphological late changes in untreated HH are not modelled.

Previous research revealed an increased expression of HSP72 in leukocytes after vigorous endurance exercise. We questioned whether more intensive but shorter exercise also induces leukocyte HSP72 synthesis. To delineate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in exercise-related HSP72 induction, we additionally examined the effect of RRR-alpha-tocopherol (alpha-toc) on HSP72 expression using a double-blind placebo (P) controlled cross-over design. After supplementation with alpha-toc (500 I.U. daily) or P for 8 days, 9 male subjects performed a combined exhaustive treadmill protocol (total duration 29.4 +/- 2.0 min). HSP72 was assessed on mRNA (RT-PCR) and protein levels (flow cytometry). HSP72 mRNA rose 3 h after exercise only in the P group, but individual differences (alpha-toc - P) did not reveal significant treatment effects. A moderate but significant rise of HSP72 protein occurred in granulocytes up to 48 h after exercise. Three hours post-exercise, granulocyte HSP72 protein was lower when subjects received alpha-toc, but this effect vanished 24 and 48 h post-exercise. Exhaustive treadmill exercise augments HSP72 mRNA in leukocytes and induced a moderate but prolonged response of granulocyte HSP72 protein. These exercise effects are lower when compared to earlier findings obtained after vigorous endurance exercise. ROS seem to be involved, but do not play the major role in the induction of granulocyte HSP72 synthesis after exhaustive exercise.

Leitlinie Parenterale Ernährung der DGEM S30 Vorbemerkung ! Flüssigkeits− und Elektrolytzufuhr bei parenteral ernährten Patienten kann ausschließlich über die parenterale Ernährung (PE) oder auch parallel durch PE, orale und enterale Zufuhr sowie weite− re Infusionstherapie erfolgen. Deshalb ist eine enge Absprache notwendig, wenn die Aufgaben− bereiche PE und allgemeine ärztliche Betreuung personell getrennt sind. Viele Praktiken der Flüssigkeits− und Elektrolyt− zufuhr und insbesondere der Substitution von Vi− taminen und Spurenelementen sind klinisch etabliert, ohne durch Studien belegt zu sein, weil sie dem ¹common sense" entsprechen und un− verzichtbar sind. In jüngerer Zeit wurden einige klinische Studien mit teilweise hoch dosierter Vitamin− und Spurenelementgabe, vielfach pros− pektiv, kontrolliert und randomisiert durchge− führt. Obwohl diese Studien formell Evidenzgrad A aufweisen, wurden daraus nicht immer allge− meine Empfehlungen abgeleitet, weil es sich oft um Einzelstudien mit kleinen Fallzahlen handel− te.