We conclude that TAAR1 seems to be an independent predictor for breast cancer survival. Modulation of TAAR1 may represent a novel targeting strategy for breast cancer prevention and therapy.
We investigated the anticarcinogenic potential of green tea and its components epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and quercetin, as well as tamoxifen, on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-23 breast cancer cells. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, the quantity of EGCG and quercetin in green tea was analyzed. The receptor status of the cells was confirmed immunohistochemically. Various viability and cytotoxicity tests were later performed to investigate the effects of the substances. After incubating the cells with green tea extract, EGCG, quercetin and tamoxifen, a decrease in viability (MTT test) or proliferation (BrdU assay) was found in all cell tests with varying effects, depending on the assay used. The effects were similar in both cell lines. This work confirmed that EGCG and quercetin are contained in green tea and that both substances in pure form and as green tea have an anticarcinogenic effect on both estrogen receptor-positive and-negative breast cancer cells. This effect could also be demonstrated with tamoxifen in both cell lines (MTT and BrdU assays). These results suggest that the effects observed in these experiments are not generated only via estrogen receptor-mediated pathways.
(1) Background: Biomarkers might play a significant role in predicting the clinical outcomes of patients with ovarian cancer. By analyzing lipid metabolism genes, future perspectives may be uncovered; (2) Methods: RNA-seq data for serous ovarian cancer were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. The non-negative matrix factorization package in programming language R was used to classify molecular subtypes of lipid metabolism genes and the limma package in R was performed for functional enrichment analysis. Through lasso regression, we constructed a multi-gene prognosis model; (3) Results: Two molecular subtypes were obtained and an 11-gene signature was constructed (PI3, RGS, ADORA3, CH25H, CCDC80, PTGER3, MATK, KLRB1, CCL19, CXCL9 and CXCL10). Our prognostic model shows a good independent prognostic ability in ovarian cancer. In a nomogram, the predictive efficiency was notably superior to that of traditional clinical features. Related to known models in ovarian cancer with a comparable amount of genes, ours has the highest concordance index; (4) Conclusions: We propose an 11-gene signature prognosis prediction model based on lipid metabolism genes in serous ovarian cancer.
The chemokine CCL22 recruits regulatory T (T-reg) cells into tumor tissues and is expressed in many human tumors. However, the prognostic role of CCL22 in cervical cancer (CC) has not been determined. This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical significance of the expression of CCL22 and FOXP3 in 230 cervical cancer patients. Immunohistochemical staining analyses of CCL22 and FOXP3 were performed with a tissue microarray. Double immunofluorescence staining, cell coculture, and ELISA were used to determine CCL22 expressing cells and mechanisms. The higher number of infiltrating CCL22+ cells (CCL22 high ) group was associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.004), Fédération Internationale de Gynécologie et d'Obstétrique (FIGO) stages (p = 0.010), therapeutic strategies (p = 0.007), and survival status (p = 0.002). The number of infiltrating CCL22+ cells was positively correlated with that of infiltrating FOXP3+ cells (r = 0.210, p = 0.001). The CCL22 high group had a lower overall survival rate (OS), compared to the CCL22 low group (p = 0.001). However, no significant differences in progression free survival (PFS) were noted between the two groups. CCL22 high was an independent predictor of shorter OS (HR, 4.985; p = 0.0001). The OS of the combination group CCL22 high FOXP3 high was significantly lower than that of the combination group CCL22 low FOXP3 low regardless of the FIGO stage and disease subtype. CCL22 high FOXP3 high was an independent indictor of shorter OS (HR, 5.284; p = 0.009). The PFS of group CCL22 high FOXP3 high was significantly lower than that of group CCL22 low FOXP3 low in cervical adenocarcinoma, but CCL22 high FOXP3 high was not an independent indicator (HR, 3.018; p = 0.068). CCL22 was primarily expressed in M2-like macrophages in CC and induced by cervical cancer cells. The findings of our study indicate that cervical cancer patients with elevated CCL22+ infiltrating cells require more aggressive treatment. Moreover, the results provide a basis for subsequent, comprehensive studies to advance the design of immunotherapy for cervical cancer.
Both clinicopathological and experimental studies have suggested that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a key role in cervical cancer progression and are associated with poor prognosis in the respects of tumor cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression. Therefore, having a clear understanding of TAMs is essential in treating this disease. In this review, we will discuss the origins and categories of macrophages, the molecules responsible for forming and reeducating TAMs in cervical cancer (CC), the biomarkers of macrophages and the therapy development targeting TAMs in CC research.
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