In 2007 and 2008, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in collaboration with several industry partners, collected real-world performance and situational data for long-haul operations of Class 8 trucks from a fleet engaged in normal freight operations. Such data and information are useful to support Class 8 modeling of combination truck performance and technology evaluation efforts for energy efficiency and to provide a means of accounting for real-world driving performance within combination truck research and analyses. Some general statistics, including distribution of idling times during long-haul trucking operations, are presented. However, the main focus is on the analysis of some of the extensive real-world information collected in this project, specifically on the assessment of the effect that different types of tires [i.e., dual tires versus new generation wide-based single tires (NGWBSTs)] have on the fuel efficiency of Class 8 trucks. The tire effect is also evaluated as a function of the vehicle load level. In all cases analyzed, the statistical tests strongly suggest that fuel efficiencies achieved when all NGWBSTs or combinations of duals and NGWBSTs are used are higher than in the case of a truck equipped with all dual tires. The results show that the fuel efficiency improvement increases as the number of NGWBSTs on the truck increases, with observed improvements of around 6% when either the tractor or the trailer was equipped with NGWBSTs and more than 9% when both were mounted with these types of tires.
The Virtual Human will be a research/simulation environment having an integrated system ofbiophysical models, data, and advanced computational algorithms. It will have a Web-based interface for easy, rapid access from several points of entry. The Virtual Human will serve as a platform for national and international users from governments, academia and industry to investigate the widest range of human biological and physical responses to stimuli, be they biological, chemical, or physical. This effort will go far beyond the modeling of anatomy to incorporate refmed computational models of whole-body processes, using mechanical and electrical tissue properties, and biology from physiology to biochemical information. The platform will respond mechanistically to varied and potentially iterative stimuli that can be visualized multi-dimensionally. This effort is in the formative stage of a several-year process that will lead to a program that is of similar proportion to the Human Genome, but will be much more computationally intensive.The main purpose of this paper is to communicate our early ideas about the philosophic basis of the program, to identify some of the applications for which the Virtual Human would be used, to elicit comments, and to provide a basis to identify prospective collaborators.
A stochastic computer model for simulating the actions r.nd be'.iavior of nuclear Dover plant maintenance personnal is described. The model considers oersonnel. environmental, and motivational variables to yield predictions of maintenance performance quality and ti.^ie to perform. The model has been fully developed and sensitivity tested. Additional evaluation of the model is now taking place.
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