The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) plays an important part in maintaining protein stability, regulating protein folding, and inducing apoptosis autophagy, which is considered as a powerful protein. Meanwhile, it also plays a role in ensuring the normal function of organs. In recent years, more and more researches have been carried out on the targeted therapy of GRP78, mainly focusing on its relevant role in tumor and its role as a major modulator and modulator of subordinate pathways. The ability of GRP78 to respond to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) determines whether tumor cells survive and whether the changes in expression level of GRP78 regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) caused by various factors will directly or indirectly affect cell proliferation, apoptosis, and injury, or reduce the body's defense ability, or have protective effects on various organs.
Continuously
updated diagnostic methods and advanced imaging methods
have led to an increase in the early detection rate of small liver
cancer; however, even with current diagnosis methods, it is still
challenging to accurately judge a nodule with a diameter less than
2 cm whether it is hepatocellular carcinoma or liver cirrhosis. To
solve this issue, a new technology is needed to distinguish above
two kinds of liver nodules. There is an emerging imaging method that
improves tissue resolution and sensitivity to detect micronodules
with diameters less than 2 cm. To detect micronodules, photoacoustic
imaging was used to provide noninvasive images at depths of several
centimeters with a resolution of approximately 100 μm. To improve
specificity, we developed a probe that specifically targets hepatocellular
carcinoma by recognizing the biomarker GPC3 on the hepatocellular
carcinoma cell membrane. The probe not only has a strong photoacoustic
signal but also has a magnetic resonance signal. Furthermore, the
material owns photothermal effect that absorbs longer wavelength light
and releases heat that effectively and accurately kills tumor cells,
thus improving patient’s survival and postoperative quality
of life. Herein, we present a new technology that uses photoacoustic
imaging to image and target microhepatocellular carcinoma biological
processes derived from liver cirrhosis with high spatial resolution.
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