Cisplatin, that is, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum is a coordinate compound that is mainly preferred as prior treatment against several solid tumors and malignancies like ovaries, head and neck, testicular, and lung cancers because of its anticancer activity. Cisplatin binds at the N7 position of purine and forms adducts, leading to altered activity of DNA that triggers apoptosis. DNA damage is followed by several signaling pathways like induced oxidative stress, upregulated p53, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) or Akt pathways along with induced apoptosis. Additionally, cisplatin treatment comes with few disadvantages such as toxic effects, that is, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, etc., and drug resistance. Furthermore, to overcome cisplatin resistance and toxicological effects, combination drug therapy has been considered. The aim of the review is to focus on the molecular mechanism of action of cisplatin and combination drug therapy to reduce the side effects in cancer therapy.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can be mainly defined as a gynecological problem accompanied by an endocrine disturbance in females and can be seen mainly during their menstruation age. Worldwide PCOS prevalence ranges between 6% and 10%. Many of the risk factors are responsible for the pathogenesis of PCOS. Environmental factors such as environmental toxins and obesity play a major role in the occurrence of PCOS, followed by the hormonal disturbance in androgen levels, that is, hyperandrogenism, and insulin levels, that is, hyperinsulinemia. The previous studies have suggested that there is a major contribution of genetics in the etiology of PCOS. However, there is no strong evidence about the mode of inheritance of PCOS. It has been seen that there is a strong correlation between environmental, hormonal, and genetic factors which follow a vicious cycle in the development of PCOS that leads to ovarian dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, that is, metabolic abnormalities include insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and abnormal cholesterol level. The detailed study of PCOS is one of the most central topics in female reproductive endocrinology. On the other hand, the syndrome has been extensively investigated; however, its definition and pathophysiological aspects are still not very clear. The idea behind the current review was to make a non-systematic review of already published literature through PubMed and Google Scholar search. The keywords searched and publications were related to polycystic ovaries, including the incidence, environmental factors, genetics, hormones, as well as their association. The aim of the current review is to update the evidence regarding the pathogenesis of PCOS and emphasizes how genetic, non-genetic, and hormonal factors lead to the progression of PCOS.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.