This series of two papers is devoted to the effect of organic dye (methylene blue, MB; or methyl orange, MO) adsorption on the surface of either bare or citrate-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) on their primary agglomeration (in the absence of an applied magnetic field) and secondary field-induced agglomeration. The present paper (Part I) is focused on physicochemical mechanisms of dye adsorption and adsorption-induced primary agglomeration of IONPs. Dye adsorption to oppositely charged IONPs is found to be mostly promoted by electrostatic interactions and is very sensitive to pH and ionic strength variations. The shape of adsorption isotherms is correctly reproduced by the Langmuir law. For the particular MB/citrated IONP pair, the maximum surface density of adsorbed MB seems to correspond to the packing density of an adsorbed monolayer rather than to the surface density of the available adsorption sites. MB is shown to form H-aggregates on the surface of citrate-coated IONPs. The effective electric charge on the IONP surface remains nearly constant in a broad range of surface coverages by MB due to the combined action of counterion exchange and counterion condensation. Primary agglomeration of IONPs (revealed by an exponential increase of hydrodynamic size with surface coverage by MB) probably comes from correlation attractions or π-stacking aromatic interactions between adsorbed MB molecules or H-aggregates. From the application perspective, the maximum adsorption capacity is 139 ± 4 mg/g for the MB/citrated IONP pair (pH = 4–11) and 257 ± 16 mg/g for the MO/bare IONP pair (pH ∼ 4). Citrated IONPs have shown a good potential for their reusability in water treatment, with the adsorption efficiency remaining about 99% after nine adsorption/desorption cycles.

This paper is focused on the experimental and theoretical study of the phase separation of a magnetic nanoparticle suspension under rotating magnetic field in a frequency range, 5 ≤ ≤ 25 Hz, relevant for several biomedical applications. The phase separation is manifested through the appearance of needle-like dense particle aggregates synchronously rotating with the field. Their size progressively increases with time due to the absorption of individual nanoparticles (aggregate growth) and coalescence with neighboring aggregates. The aggregate growth is enhanced by the convection of nanoparticles towards rotating aggregates. The maximal aggregate length, ∝ −2 , is limited by fragmentation arising as a result of their collisions. Experimentally, aggregate growth and coalescence are occurring at a similar timescale, ~1 min, weakly dependent on the field frequency. The proposed theoretical model provides a semi-quantitative agreement with the experiments on average aggregate size, aggregation timescale and size distribution function, without any adjustable parameter.

In this paper, we present results of a theoretical study of circulation flow in ferrofluids under the action of an alternating inhomogeneous magnetic field. The results show that the field with the amplitude of about 17 kA m −1 and angular frequency 10 s −1 can induce mesoscopic flow with a velocity amplitude of about 0.5 mm s −1 . This mechanism can be used for intensification of drag delivery in blood vessels. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Patterns in soft and biological matters'.

This paper (Part II) is devoted to the effect of molecular adsorption on the surface of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) on the enhancement of their (secondary) field-induced agglomeration and magnetic separation. Experimentally, we use methylene blue (MB) cationic dye adsorption on citrate-coated maghemite nanoparticles to provoke primary agglomeration of IONP in the absence of field. The secondary agglomeration is manifested through the appearance of needle-like micronsized agglomerates in the presence of an applied magnetic field. With increasing amount of adsorbed MB molecules, the size of the field-induced agglomerates increases and the magnetic separation on a magnetized micropillar becomes more efficient. These effects are mainly governed by the ratio of magnetic-to-thermal energy , suspension supersaturation 0 and Brownian diffusivity Deff of primary agglomerates. The three parameters (, 0 and Deff) are implicitly related to the surface coverage  of IONP by MB molecules through the hydrodynamic size of primary agglomerates exponentially increasing with . Experiments and developed theoretical models allow quantitative evaluation of the −effect on the efficiency of the secondary agglomeration and magnetic separation.

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