The present study included observational and self-report measures to examine associations among parental stress, parental behaviour, child behaviour, and children's theory of mind and emotion understanding. Eighty-three parents and their 3-to 5-year-old children participated. Parents completed measures of parental stress, parenting (laxness, overreactivity), and child behaviour (internalizing, externalizing); children completed language, theory of mind, and emotion understanding measures. Parent-child interactions also were observed (N 5 47). Laxness and parenting stress predicted children's theory of mind performance and parental usage of imitative gestures and vocalizations accounted for unique variance in emotion understanding. Associations also were found between child behaviour and emotion understanding. Results provide support for direct and indirect associations between parent-child interactions and early social-cognitive development.
This article provides a detailed ethnographic description of skateboarding's main career opportunities and contributes to arguments about subculture theory and the impact of specific subcultures on cities. Professional street skateboarders perform tricks on obstacles in the urban environment and publish these tricks in magazines and videos to share with other members of the subculture. This need for documentation and dissemination of skateboard tricks, as well as the need to design and distribute subculture media, skateboards and skateboarding products, makes skateboarding a self-sustaining industry and provides skaters with an opportunity for subculture careers. These careers are in skating and also the ancillary careers necessary to support this industry. These subculture careers have a positive impact on individual skaters by providing opportunities, in many cases where none existed, and also upon the urban centers where this industry is most prominent by drawing creative, talented people to the city to participate in the subculture and quite possibly even make a career.
This chapter is an introduction to the career development of some up-and-coming skateboarders. At this stage, these skaters are early in their subculture career, although all of them do eventually go on to become very successful professionals in this action sport. This chapter is an ethnographic account of the processes by which the transformation from up-and-coming street skater to professional skateboarder takes place.
Commonly used fields and subfields in 56 million Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) WorldCat bibliographic records are identified based on the analysis of format-specific record sets and the calculation of utilization thresholds, with the purpose of comparing these elements with existing recommendations by Library of Congress (LC) agencies for national, core, and minimal level records. The background and purposes of the Program for Cooperative Cataloging (PCC) BIBCO, CONSER, and National and Minimal Level Record Requirements are It is proposed that by comparing these prescribed sets of content designation to the frequency counts of actual content designation use by catalogers, parallelisms or incongruities of standards and practice will be revealed. RESEARCH GOALSThis article exists within the context of the MARC Content Designation Utilization (MCDU) project. The Institute of Museum and Library Services awarded a National Leadership Grant to support this project during the 2004-2007 time frame. One of the research goals of the project, to provide empirical evidence to document MARC21 content designation (i.e., field-subfield combinations) use by catalogers, was achieved by frequency counts of all fields and subfields used in the OCLC WorldCat database. OCLC provided the project the complete set of MARC records from WorldCat in May 2007 comprising approximately 56 million records. This served as the dataset analyzed in the MCDU project. Another research objective was to identify commonly used elements in bibliographic records based on the analysis of format-specific record sets and to compare these elements with existing recommendations by LC agencies for national, core, and minimal level records (Moen, 2004). In support of the research objectives, this analysis seeks to address the following research questions: What are the sets of commonly used elements per format, and how do these compare with the elements prescribed in current national, core, and minimal level recommendations or guidelines for cataloging? Conversely, are there elements that are frequently used by catalogers but are not prescribed in current national, core, and minimal level recommendations or guidelines for cataloging? The results of this analysis can provide standards designers and the cataloging community at large with information to LITERATURE REVIEWTo date, only one published empirical study (Lundy, 2006) was located that reports the comparison of content designation use in MARC records with the prescribed elements in the PCC BIBCO Core Record Standards, and no studies were located on the comparison of utilization with National and Minimal Level Bibliographic Record Requirements or CONSER Record Requirements for Full, Minimal, and Core Level Records for Serials. Lundy (2006) conducted a study of Descriptive Cataloging of Rare Books (DCRB) core records from the RLIN and WorldCat databases and examined the records for adherence to the PCC BIBCO Core Standard for Rare Books. Lundy's study presents a very detailed and comprehensive a...
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