Abstract:The absorption and emission of light by biological systems is a dilemma for the research community which remains transfixed upon the bottom-up systems biology approach. Many health care professionals do not yet accept that photosensitivity is an essential aspect of the body's function.This article highlights that light is often required to activate enzymes and/or proteins in biological systems. Inadequate levels of exposure to light may be responsible, at least in part, for the uncoiled nature of proteins found in diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, and other conditions. Moreover the emission of light, the consequence of protein reactions with reactive substrates or of reactive oxygen species, is an often observed characteristic of pathologies and influences the visual perception of colour. It illustrates that a significant diagnostic principle exists by measuring the levels of light absorbed and/or the bioluminescence released from fluorescent pathologies.

Background:The body′s physiological stability is maintained by the influence of the autonomic nervous system upon the dynamic interaction of multiple systems. These physiological systems, their nature and structure, and the factors which influence their function have been poorly defined. A greater understanding of such physiological systems leads to an understanding of the synchronised function of organs in each neural network i.e. there is a fundamental relationship involving sensory input and/or sense perception, neural function and neural networks, and cellular and molecular biology. Such an approach compares with the bottom-up systems biology approach in which there may be an almost infinite degree of biochemical complexity to be taken into account.Aims:The purpose of this article is to discuss a novel cognitive, top-down, mathematical model of the physiological systems, in particular its application to the neuroregulation of blood pressure.Results:This article highlights the influence of sensori-visual input upon the function of the autonomic nervous system and the coherent function of the various organ networks i.e. the relationship which exists between visual perception and pathology.Conclusions:The application of Grakov′s model may lead to a greater understanding of the fundamental role played by light e.g. regulating acidity, levels of Magnesium, activation of enzymes, and the various factors which contribute to the regulation of blood pressure. It indicates that the body′s regulation of blood pressure does not reside in any one neural or visceral component but instead is a measure of the brain′s best efforts to maintain its physiological stability.

Background:This article discusses factors which materially influence the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus but which may be overlooked by the prevailing biomedical paradigm. That cognition can be mathematically linked to the function of the autonomic nervous system and physiological systems casts new light upon the mechanisms responsible for homeostasis and origins of disease. In particular, it highlights the limitations of the reductionist biomedical approach which considers mainly the biochemistry of single pathologies rather than considering the neural mechanisms which regulate the function of physiological systems, and inherent visceral organs; and which are subsequently manifest as biochemistries of varying degrees of complexity and severity. As a consequence, histopathological tests are fraught with inherent limitations and many categories of drugs are significantly ineffective.Aims:Such limitations may be explained if disease (in particular diabetes mellitus) has multiple origins, is multi-systemic in nature and, depending upon the characteristics of each pathology, is influenced by genotype and/or phenotype.Results:This article highlights the influence of factors which are not yet considered re. the aetiology of diabetes mellitus e.g. the influence of light and sensory input upon the stability of the autonomic nervous system; the influence of raised plasma viscosity upon rates of reaction; the influence of viruses and/or of modified live viruses given in vaccinations; systemic instability, in particular the adverse influence of drinks and lack of exercise upon the body's prevailing pH and its subsequent influence upon levels of magnesium and other essential trace elements.Conclusions:This application of the top-down systems biology approach may provide a plausible and inclusive explanation for the nature and occurrence of diabetes mellitus.

Abstract:Background: The body's physiological stability is maintained by the influence of the autonomic nervous system and the dynamic interaction of the organ systems which regulate all aspects of the body's function. These physiological systems and their function have been overlooked by the genetic paradigm. A better understanding of these systems may lead to an improved understanding of the fundamental relationship involving sense perception, neural function and organ networks, and cellular and molecular biology. This article follows earlier articles by the author which illustrate that sleep, blood pressure and blood glucose are neurally regulated physiological systems. Aims:The purpose of this article is to discuss how Grakov's mathematical model of the physiological systems (i) influences the contemporary understanding of the processes which regulate the pH in biological systems i.e. that pH is a neurally regulated physiological system; (ii) is a significant factor in the emergence of changes to cell morphology and, ultimately, the onset of pathologies; and (iii) involves environmental factors more commonly associated with phenotype.Results: It considers the fundamental role played by pH e.g. regulating the levels and redox state of minerals, protein conformation, the activation of proteins and enzymes, and how this influences metabolic function. It considers the consequences of increased acidity, in particular from alcoholic beverages and acidified soft drinks, and how this influences the processes which regulate the body's physiological stability. Conclusions:The article concludes that the body's impaired ability to regulate its acidity, exascerbated by the consumption of highly acidic beverages, is a considerably underestimated factor in the subsequent development and onset of many common pathologies e.g. diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, alzheimer's disease, cancers, etc. Keywords:Cognitive, neuroregulation, top-down, systems biology, physiological systems. BACKGROUNDThe laws of chemistry characterise every chemical reaction. The prevailing reaction conditions influence the rate at which each reaction proceeds. In this article we consider whether the significance of pH has been significantly overlooked in biomedical research.Changes to the pH of a biochemical system or reaction often influences the structure of chemical components, their level, and subsequently the rate at which these components react. This determines the redox state of minerals; their ability to complex with DNA; their ability to activate enzymatic reactions; and their ability to be filtered and/or eliminated from the body. Altered pH influences protein conformation and the ability of proteins to react. It influences the characteristics of epigenetic reactions such as methylation, histone de-acetylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, etc.The body's homeostasis is maintained by neuroregulation of the various organ networks. These multiple physiological systems, their nature and structure, and the factors which *Address correspondence t...

Russian evaluations are summarized, with examples of instances in which Virtual Scanning was found to provide early warnings of clinical conditions before conventional tests had detected problems.