This paper illustrates the use of Functional Mockup Interface (FMI) [1] to couple an occupant behaviour simulator and a building model. Due to their intrinsic nature, occupant behaviour and building and its energy systems are usually represented by different modelling paradigms. The occupant behaviour is here described by Agent-Based Modelling (ABM) whereas the building is described by a set of hybrid and differential algebraic equations, typical of dynamic thermal modelling. Such different complex systems cannot be efficiently simulated in a single tool. Therefore, one solution is the tool coupling approach. The FMI standard for co-simulation was used to couple the SMACH occupant behaviour simulator and a building energy model built with the BuildSysPro Modelica library. Variables of interest are passed from one model to another at fixed synchronization time steps.
The authors report on the light-and elevated temperature-induced degradation (LeTID) effect observed on bifacial photovoltaic modules and its potential impact on photovoltaic plants performance. Indoor LeTID quantification using indoor carrierinduced degradation (CID) is carried out using current injection. Power measurements yielded higher LeTID sensitivity for the rear side of bifacial modules compared to the front side, hence leading to a variation of the bifaciality factor by several percentage points. The difficulty in evaluating the maximal power degradation caused by LeTID is also highlighted as a reduced number of samples are used most of the time and as cells within a single module do not have always the same performance evolution trends. Using indoor CID results with the help of empirical fitting and Arrhenius relation, the yield impact of LeTID on a bifacial power plant is simulated under three different climates. Modeling results help to identify the main parameters related to LeTID modules sensitivity that impact photovoltaic (PV) plants yield: maximal power degradation, stabilized power value after regeneration, activation energy value, and LeTID kinetics. In some cases, the yield variation caused by LeTID sensitive modules could be mitigated by carefully selecting the modules as a function of climatic conditions.
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