Skin samples from children and adult patients with AD share lipid metabolism and tight junction alterations, but epidermal differentiation complex defects are only present in adult AD, potentially resulting from chronic immune aberration that is not yet present in early-onset disease.

The skin phenotype of new-onset pediatric AD is substantially different from that of adult AD. Although excess T2 activation characterizes both, T9 and T17 are highly activated at disease initiation. Increases in IL-19 levels might link T2 and T17 activation.

Similar to AD and psoriasis where cytokine dysregulation and barrier impairment orchestrate disease phenotypes, psoriasis-like immune dysregulation and lipid alterations characterize the ichthyoses. These data support the testing of IL-17/IL-36-targeted therapeutics for ichthyosis patients, similar to psoriasis.

Gata3 is expressed and required for differentiation and function throughout the T lymphocyte lineage. Despite evidence it may also be expressed in multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), any role in these cells has remained unclear. Here we show GATA3 was cytoplasmic in quiescent long-term stem cells from steady state bone marrow, but relocated to the nucleus when HSC cycle. Relocation depended on p38-MAPK signaling and was associated with diminished capacity for long-term reconstitution upon transfer to irradiated mice. Deletion of Gata3 enhanced repopulating capacity and augmented self-renewal of long term HSC in cell-autonomous fashion, without affecting cell cycle. These observations position Gata3 as a regulator of the balance between self-renewal and differentiation in HSC acting downstream of the p38 signaling pathway.