Effect of bitter leaves extract on bacteria isolated from soils of some mechanic and non- mechanic site in Makurdi metropolis was investigated. Forty (40) soil samples (20g each) were collected at the depth of 8-10cm from different mechanic shops in Makurdi metropolis (New garage, Kanshio and North bank) and soil from non-mechanic site. Fresh leaves of Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaves) were purchased at Wadata market and identified at the Department of Plant Science, Federal University of Agriculture (FUAM). Serial dilution and pour plate technique was used for microbial analysis. Bacteria present were identified using cultural, morphological and biochemical techniques. Ethanol and methanol solvents were used to extract the bioactive constituents. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were carried out on the bioactive components in the bitter leaves extracts. Susceptibility pattern of isolates were determined using Agar well diffusion assays. The genera Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Proteus and Escherichia were the predominant petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria. Analysis from phytochemical screening showed that compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavanoids, terpenes, anthraquinones, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides and phlobatannins were present. Alkaloids in the bitter leaves extract was more in quantity and quality as compared to other phytochemical components. Zones of inhibition of the plant extracts ranged between 20.00± 0.89mm - 32.78± 1.72mm for Methanol and 21.00± 2.37mm - 31.22± 2.05mm for Ethanol at 100mg/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of both solvents ranged between 23.83± 3.23m/l and 50.00± 0.00m/l.The MBC values ranged from 50.00± 0.00mg/l to 100.00± 0.00 mg/l. Bacteria from the control site which had no hydrocarbon products contamination were more susceptible than those from the mechanic sites. Results from findings have shown that Vernonia amygdalina (bitter leaves) has potentials to be used as an alternative source of antibacterial agents in the ever increasing menace of Multi-Drug Resistance.
Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(1): 81-87
Single and combined effect of the antibacterial activities of fruit and stembark extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera was carried out against Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Samples of T.tetraptera fruits were purchased in Wukari market, Taraba State. Stem bark samples were collected from Vandeikya, Benue State of Nigeria. Phytochemical analyses were carried out on both samples in the laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, alkaloids, phlobatannins, anthraquinones, glycosides and reducing sugars in varying concentrations in fruit and stem bark samples. Antibacterial activity of extracts of fruit and stembark of Tetrapleura tetraptera singly and combined was studied against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans. Results showed that extract of fruit of test plant gave an inhibition zone of 21.00mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 08.33mm against S. mutans . Extract of stem bark gave 12.00mm against S. mutans and no antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Combined extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit and stembark showed antibacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa giving an inhibition zone of 16.67mm and S. mutans an inhibition zone of 10.33mm. There was significant difference (p˂ 0.025) between the antibacterial effects of extracts of fruit and stem bark of Tetrapleura tetraptera singly and combined as shown in this study. Minimum inhibitory concentration of test organisms subjected to single and combined extracts of fruit and stem bark was 100mg/ml except for P.aeruginosa which showed that concentrations (mg/ml) of stem bark extract used singly was not enough to inhibit its growth, except the combined extract which inhibited its growth at 100mg/ml.
This study was carried out to measure the optimum condition for Bacteriocin production by Lactobacillus plantarum. Bacteriocin production with the candidate bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum NRIC 0383) was optimized by varying the incubation temperature and adjusting the pH of the production medium, whilst estimating bacteriocin production in terms of the antagonistic activity (zone of inhibition mm) against bacteria pathogens of selected vegetables using the well diffusion assay. Bacteriocin production was highest at temperatures of 30 and 35
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