The Day-to-day variability of the geomagnetic field elements at the African longitudes has been studied for the year 1987 using geomagnetic data obtained from four different African observatories. The analysis was carried out on solar quiet days using hourly values of the Horizontal, , and vertical, , geomagnetic field values. The results of this study confirm that Sq is a very changeable phenomenon, with a strong day-to-day variation. This day-to-day variation is seen to be superimposed on magnetic disturbances of a magnetospheric origin.

In principle, the EM wave propagation characteristics during quiet or disturbed air conditions are straightforwardly determined by the state of atmospheric refractivity. Nevertheless, atmospheric refractivity varies in time and space more or less randomly. Therefore the statistics of atmospheric refractivity and related propagation effects are of main interest. This work clearly investigates the major difference between radio refractivity changes for quiet and disturbed days during dry and rainy season for Minna. Radio refractivity values were calculated from measured meteorological parameters (relative humidity, temperature and pressure) at Minna, in 2008. The result showed that, there is a sharp decrease in radio refractivity at the early hour of the day (6:00hr) during dry season, while during rainy season, the sharp decrease occurred at the noon time (13:00hr). The result equally showed that radio refractivity has higher values ~388N-units during rainy season than during dry season with the highest value of ~318N-units. This is due to decrease in relative humidity during dry season than during rainy season.

The refractivity profile variation in troposphere is one of the aspects that influences long-distance terrestrial electromagnetic wave propagation and performance of communication systems. This study is aimed at calculating and estimating radio refractivity at Makurdi with tropospheric parameters of relative humidity, absolute temperature and atmospheric pressure using ITU-R and artificial neural network models. Validation results are thus, absolute temperature = 0.4313 K, relative humidity = 0.9989 %, pressure = 0.0201 (hpa) respectively. The validation of the correlation coefficient results shows that all the tropospheric parameters have effects on radio refractivity, but relative humidity has more effect which is attributed to the large quantity of moisture at the troposphere. From the estimation results, it is clear that artificial neural network has the capacity of estimating tropopheric refractivity since the estimated values has close agreement with the calculated values.

The influence of distant parameters on the horizontal component of magnetic field was investigated for two years within two locations in Africa. The measure of storm occurrence (Dst-index) was used to select successful storm days. The effect of distant parameters on residual field was investigated using filter analysis. This study was considered on both time domain and frequency domain. The results showed very close correspondence of rapid changes in amplitudes between residual H–component and the selected IMF parameters especially the solar wind velocity, proton density and Bz. The correlation analysis between the distant parameters and residual H–component completely revealed effective dependence of the depression of residual field on the selected parameters. The value of the correlation coefficient (r) with solar wind velocity, proton density and Bz showed significant values of the range of 0.5 and above. This is direct evidence that Solar wind velocity, proton density and Bz are more effective in causing geomagnetic fluctuations at equatorial low latitude stations.

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