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While the low-energy part of the hadronic light-by-light (HLbL) tensor can be constrained from data using dispersion relations, for a full evaluation of its contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon (g − 2) µ also mixed-and high-energy regions need to be estimated. Both can be addressed within the operator product expansion (OPE), either for configurations where all photon virtualities become large or one of them remains finite. Imposing such short-distance constraints (SDCs) on the HLbL tensor is thus a major aspect of a model-independent approach towards HLbL scattering. Here, we focus on longitudinal SDCs, which concern the amplitudes containing the pseudoscalar-pole contributions from π 0 , η, η . Since these conditions cannot be fulfilled by a finite number of pseudoscalar poles, we consider a tower of excited pseudoscalars, constraining their masses and transition form factors from Regge theory, the OPE, and phenomenology. Implementing a matching of the resulting expressions for the HLbL tensor onto the perturbative QCD quark loop, we are able to further constrain our calculation and significantly reduce its model dependence. We find that especially for the π 0 the corresponding increase of the HLbL contribution is much smaller than previous prescriptions in the literature would imply. Overall, we estimate that longitudinal SDCs increase the HLbL contribution by ∆a LSDC µ = 13(6) × 10 −11 . A Anomalous Pseudoscalar-Vector-Vector Coupling 46 B Alternative model for pion, η, and η transition form factors 48 1 Introduction Current Standard Model (SM) evaluations of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon, a µ = (g − 2) µ /2, differ from the value measured at the Brookhaven National Laboratory [1]a exp µ = 116 592 089(63) × 10 −11 , (1.1) by around 3.5 σ. In the near future, the new Fermilab E989 experiment [2] will be able to reduce the experimental uncertainty by a factor 4, and the E34 experiment at J-PARC [3] will provide an important cross check, see ref.[4] for a comparison of the experimental methods. Therefore, the theoretical calculation of a µ needs to be improved accordingly. The uncertainty of the SM prediction mainly stems from hadronic contributions, such as hadronic vacuum polarization (HVP), see figure 1 (a), and HLbL scattering, see figure 1 (b). Since the HVP contribution can be systematically calculated with a data-driven dispersive approach [5-9], lattice QCD [10][11][12][13][14][15][16], and potentially be accessed independently by the proposed MUonE experiment [17,18], which aims to measure the space-like finestructure constant α(t) in elastic electron-muon scattering, the HLbL contribution may end up dominating the theoretical error. 1 Apart from lattice QCD [27][28][29], recent data-driven approaches towards HLbL scattering are again rooted in dispersion theory, either for the HLbL tensor [30][31][32][33][34][35], the Pauli 1 Note that higher-order insertions of HVP [5,19,20] and HLbL [21] are already under sufficient control, as are hadronic corrections in the anomalou...

To comply with the critique of the Comment [J. Arrington, arXiv:1602.01461], we consider another modification of the proton electric form factor, which resolves the "proton-radius puzzle". The proposed modification satisfies all the consistency criteria put forward in the Comment, and yet has a similar impact on the puzzle as that of the original paper. Contrary to the concluding statement of the Comment, it is not difficult to find an ad hoc modification of the form factor at low Q that resolves the discrepancy and is consistent with analyticity constraints. We emphasize once again that we do not consider such an ad hoc modification of the proton form factor to be a solution of the puzzle until a physical mechanism for it is found.

A key ingredient in the evaluation of hadronic light-by-light (HLbL) scattering in the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon (g − 2)µ concerns short-distance constraints (SDCs) that follow from QCD by means of the operator product expansion. Here we concentrate on the most important such constraint, in the longitudinal amplitudes, and show that it can be implemented efficiently in terms of a Regge sum over excited pseudoscalar states, constrained by phenomenological input on masses, two-photon couplings, as well as SDCs on HLbL scattering and the pseudoscalar transition form factors (TFFs). Our estimate of the effect of the longitudinal SDCs on the HLbL contribution is: ∆a LSDC µ = 13(6) × 10 −11 . This is significantly smaller than previous estimates, which mostly relied on an ad-hoc modification of the pseudoscalar poles and led to up to a 40% increase with respect to the nominal pseudoscalar-pole contributions, when evaluated with modern input for the relevant TFFs. We also comment on the status of the transversal SDCs and, by matching to perturbative QCD, argue that the corresponding correction will be significantly smaller than its longitudinal counterpart.